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Showing papers on "Nervous system published in 1983"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Immunocytochemical experiments indicate that synapsin I appearance in the various regions of the developing nervous system correlates topographically and temporally with the appearance of synapses, and strongly suggest that, with a few possible exceptions involving highly specialized neurons, all synapses contain synapsIn I.
Abstract: Synapsin I (formerly referred to as protein I) is the collective name for two almost identical phosphoproteins, synapsin Ia and synapsin Ib (protein Ia and protein Ib), present in the nervous system Synapsin I has previously been shown by immunoperoxidase studies (De Camilli, P, T Ueda, F E Bloom, E Battenberg, and P Greengard, 1979, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 76:5977-5981; Bloom, F E, T Ueda, E Battenberg, and P Greengard, 1979, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:5982-5986) to be a neuron-specific protein, present in both the central and peripheral nervous systems and concentrated in the synaptic region of nerve cells In those preliminary studies, the occurrence of synapsin I could be demonstrated in only a portion of synapses We have now carried out a detailed examination of the distribution of synapsin I immunoreactivity in the central and peripheral nervous systems In this study we have attempted to maximize the level of resolution of immunohistochemical light microscopy images in order to estimate the proportion of immunoreactive synapses and to establish their precise distribution Optimal results were obtained by the use of immunofluorescence in semithin sections (approximately 1 micron) prepared from Epon-embedded nonosmicated tissues after the Epon had been removed Our results confirm the previous observations on the specific localization of synapsin I in nerve cells and synapses In addition, the results strongly suggest that, with a few possible exceptions involving highly specialized neurons, all synapses contain synapsin I Finally, immunocytochemical experiments indicate that synapsin I appearance in the various regions of the developing nervous system correlates topographically and temporally with the appearance of synapses In two accompanying papers (De Camilli, P, S M Harris, Jr, W B Huttner, and P Greengard, and Huttner, W B, W Schiebler, P Greengard, and P De Camilli, 1983, J Cell Biol 96:1355-1373 and 1374-1388, respectively), evidence is presented that synapsin I is specifically associated with synaptic vesicles in nerve endings

497 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
24 Nov 1983-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that a mouse monoclonal antibody, HNK-1, which is directed against human natural killer cells also recognizes an antigenic determinant of human central and peripheral nervous system white matter by immunoperoxidase staining of tissue sections.
Abstract: Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is a quantitatively minor component in both peripheral and central myelin sheaths that is thought to have a role in cell-cell interactions within the nervous system. We show here that a mouse monoclonal antibody, HNK-1, which is directed against human natural killer cells also recognizes an antigenic determinant of human central and peripheral nervous system white matter by immunoperoxidase staining of tissue sections. Immunoblot analysis of myelin proteins and purified extracted MAG indicates that the antigen recognized is MAG.

434 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Medullary 5-HT neurons complete much of their migration before they can be detected immunocytochemically, indicating that the time of onset of transmitter synthesis and storage may differ during differentiation of cells sharing a common neurotransmitter phenotype.

403 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1983-Nature
TL;DR: It is reported that in small membrane patches, isolated from the soma of spinal neurones, both receptor channels display several (multiple) conductance states, and one class of multistate Cl−channel is coupled to either GABA or glycine receptors.
Abstract: In the mammalian central nervous system, glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) bind to specific and distinct receptors1–4 and cause an increase in membrane conductance to Cl− (refs 5–7). Neurones in various regions of the nervous system show differential sensitivity to glycine and GABA2,3; thus GABA and glycine receptors are spatially distinct from one another. However, on the basis of desensitization experiments on spinal cord neurones, it was suggested that the receptors for glycine and GABA may share the same Cl− channel8. We now report that in small membrane patches, isolated from the soma of spinal neurones, both receptor channels display several (multiple) conductance states. Two of the states are common to both receptor channels. However, the most frequently observed ‘main conductance states’ of the GABA and glycine receptor channels are different. Both channels display the same anion selectivity. We propose that one class of multistate Cl−channel is coupled to either GABA or glycine receptors. The main conductance state adopted by this channel is determined by the receptor to which it is coupled.

384 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A map of the system of serotonin-immunoreactive cell bodies, fibers, and nerve endings is constructed, and a dense plexus of nerve endings showing serotonin-like immunoreactivity surrounds each of the thoracic second roots in the vicinity of groups of peripheral neurosecretory neurons.
Abstract: Serotonin exerts a wide range of physiological actions on many different lobster tissues. To begin the examination of the role of serotonin in lobsters at a cellular level, we have used immunohistochemical methods to search for presumptive serotonergic neurons, their central and peripheral projections, and their terminal fields of arborization. Whole mount preparations of the ventral nerve cord and various peripheral nerve structures have been used for these studies. With these tissues, more than 100 cell bodies have been found that show serotonin-like immunoreactivity. Although a few of the cell bodies are located peripherally (near the pericardial organs, a well known crustacean neurohemal organ), the vast majority are located in central ganglia. Every ganglion in the ventral nerve cord contains at least one immunoreactive cell body. The projections of many of the neurons have been traced, and we have constructed a map of the system of serotonin-immunoreactive cell bodies, fibers, and nerve endings. In addition, a dense plexus of nerve endings showing serotonin-like immunoreactivity surrounds each of the thoracic second roots in the vicinity of groups of peripheral neurosecretory neurons. These peripheral nerve plexuses originate from central neurons of the ventral nerve cord. In some cases we have been able to trace processes from particular central cell bodies directly to the peripheral nerve root plexuses; in other cases we have traced ganglionic neuropil regions to these peripheral endings.

263 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Electrophysiologic responses of the nervous system to sensory stimulation, can be used to assess the functional integrity of specific sensory pathways in anesthetized patients and can be partially assessed when clinical examination is severely limited by the effects of anesthetic agents and adjuvant drugs.
Abstract: Sensory evoked potentials (EP), the electrophysiologic responses of the nervous system to sensory stimulation, can be used to assess the functional integrity of specific sensory pathways in anesthetized patients (1, 2). Thus, neurologic function can be partially assessed when clinical examination is severely limited by the effects of anesthetic agents and adjuvant drugs.

224 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A newly discovered bioactive peptide, neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), has been found in the human cardiac nervous system, and analysis of the peptide by high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated that it was present in a single molecular form, closely similar or identical to that of the isolated bio active peptide.

196 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The CSF-contacting neurons represent a specialized, but phylogenetically old cell type, a "protoneuron" in the vertebrate brain, which may be derived phylogenetically by inversion of the ciliated neurons found in the plate-like nervous system of more primitive deuterostomians.
Abstract: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons are located periventricularly or inside the brain ventricles; they contact the CSF via their dendrites, perikarya or axons. Most of the CSF-contacting nerve cells send dendritic processes into the ventricular cavity where they form ciliated terminals. These ciliated dendritic endings resemble those of known sensory cells, yet their role is still unknown. There are two types of CSF-contacting dendritic terminals. One bears solitary 9 X 2 + 0 cilia; it is present in different hypothalamic regions such as the paraventricular organ and the vascular sac. The magnocellular neurosecretory nuclei also contain CSF-contacting neurons, which probably furnish information about the parameters of the CSF for the regulatory function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system. CSF-contacting nerve cells of the parvocellular hypothalamic nuclei are suspected to participate in hypothalamo-adenohypophyseal regulation. A second type of CSF-contacting dendritic terminal bears many stereocilia and is found in the central canal of the spinal cord. This type of terminal is also supplied with a 9 X 2 + 2 kinocilium that may contact Reissner's fiber, the secretory material of the subcommissural organ. Resembling mainly mechanoreceptors, these spinal CSF-contacting neurons appear to form axon terminals of the neurosecretory type at the external circumference of the spinal cord. Developing and/or regressing photoreceptor cells of the retina and pineal complex may display a similar dendritic structure characteristic of hypothalamic CSF-contacting neurons. Axons penetrating into the ventricles innervate the apical surface of the ependyma and/or the CSF-contacting dendritic terminals. Some bipolar neurons of the retina form so-called Landolt's clubs; these may be considered as the retinal component of the CSF-contacting neuronal system. Since in the lancelet nearly all nerve cells contact the CSF, the CSF-contacting neurons represent a specialized, but phylogenetically old cell type, a "protoneuron" in the vertebrate brain. They may be derived phylogenetically by inversion of the ciliated neurons found in the plate-like nervous system of more primitive deuterostomians.

181 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown at the ultrastructural level that Cat-301 binds to a surface antigen on neurons in the intact vertebrate central nervous system and suggests that other surface markers may be present on other subsets of mammaliancentral nervous system neurons.
Abstract: Many hypotheses for the specificity of connections in the nervous system postulate the presence of surface chemical differences between neurons. Hybridoma technology offers a potential route to identify such surface antigenic differences between neurons. Monoclonal antibody Cat-301 was one of a panel of antibodies generated by immunizing mice with homogenized adult cat spinal cord. At the light microscopic level, Cat-301 recognizes a subset of neurons in many areas of the vertebrate central nervous system. This report shows at the ultrastructural level that Cat-301 binds to a surface antigen on neurons in the intact vertebrate central nervous system. Cat-301-positive neurons carry the antigen on cell bodies and proximal dendrites but not on axons. Using secondary antibody labeled with horseradish peroxidase, we show that antibody binding sites are present along the surfaces of neurons and extend around presynaptic profiles but are excluded from the synaptic cleft. The distribution of the Cat-301 antigen at central synapses is similar to that described for some components of the extracellular matrix of the neuromuscular junction. This study demonstrates that a specific surface antigen is found on a subset of neurons and suggests that other surface markers may be present on other subsets of mammalian central nervous system neurons. Antibodies against this antigen and other surface antigens may allow insight into the mechanisms involved in the formation and maintenance of synaptic connections in the central nervous system.

169 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results show that the peripheral ganglia are differentially sensitive to the presence of the neural tube and the notochord, among the various ganglia of the peripheral nervous system, spinal and sympathetic Ganglia are the only ones which require the existence of these axial structures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The enkephalin neurons represent a population of enteric neurons, with a distinct distribution and projections, which does not correspond to any of the other populations of enteringic neurons that have been studied.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In immunohistochemical studies, substance P-immunoreactivity (SP-IR) was found in a population of trigeminal ganglion cells in guinea pig, rat and cat, and ligation and denervation experiments indicated that the SP-IR nerves in the sphenopalatine ganglions and the nasal mucosa are of trig eminal origin.
Abstract: In immunohistochemical studies, substance P-immunoreactivity (SP-IR) was found in a population of trigeminal ganglion cells in guinea pig, rat and cat. SP-IR nerve endings were found in the spinal trigeminal nucleus, around sphenopalatine ganglion cells, around blood vessels, as well as under and within the epithelium of the nasal mucosa. Ligation and denervation experiments in the cat indicated that the SP-IR nerves in the sphenopalatine ganglion and the nasal mucosa are of trigeminal origin. Capsaicin pretreatment of guinea pigs and rats resulted in a selective loss of the SP-IR nerves in the nasal mucosa and sphenopalatine ganglion, while the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves were still present.

Journal ArticleDOI
14 Apr 1983-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that chronic neuromuscular stimulation accelerates synapse elimination but that this acceleration is dependent on the temporal pattern in which the stimuli are presented: brief stimulus trains containing 100 Hz bursts of stimuli produce this acceleration whereas the same number of stimuli presented continuously at 1 Hz do not.
Abstract: The synaptic connections among the cells of the vertebrate nervous system undergo extensive rearrangements early in development. During their initial growth, neurones apparently form synaptic connections with an excessive number of targets, later retracting a portion of these synapses in establishing the adult neural circuits. Because of the profound effects which experience has upon the developing nervous system, a question of considerable interest has been the role which the functional use of these developing synapses might play in determining the final pattern of connectivity. At the neuromuscular junction the early changes in synaptic connections are well documented, and here questions about the importance of function can be relatively easily addressed. Mammalian skeletal muscle fibres experience a perinatal period of synapse elimination so that all but one of several synapses formed on each muscle fibre are lost. This synapse elimination is sensitive to alterations of neuromuscular use or activity. Reduction of muscle use by tenotomy or by paralysis of the muscle with drugs blocking nerve impulse conduction or neuromuscular transmission delays or even prevents synapse loss, while increased use produced by stimulation of the muscle nerve apparently accelerates the rate at which synapses are lost. I report here a further examination of the role of neuromuscular activity in synapse elimination. I show that chronic neuromuscular stimulation accelerates synapse elimination but that this acceleration is dependent on the temporal pattern in which the stimuli are presented: brief stimulus trains containing 100 Hz bursts of stimuli produce this acceleration whereas the same number of stimuli presented continuously at 1 Hz do not. Furthermore, the 100 Hz activity pattern which is effective in altering synapse elimination also alters two other muscle properties: the sensitivity of the muscle fibers to acetylcholine and the 'speed' of muscle contractions. These findings suggest that the ability of muscle fibres to maintain more than one nerve terminal, like other muscle properties, is sensitive to the pattern of muscle use rather than just the total amount of use.


Book
01 Apr 1983
TL;DR: A new book enPDFd immunology of the nervous system to read, where some books are fully read in a week and the obligation to support reading is supported.
Abstract: Let's read! We will often find out this sentence everywhere. When still being a kid, mom used to order us to always read, so did the teacher. Some books are fully read in a week and we need the obligation to support reading. What about now? Do you still love reading? Is reading only for you who have obligation? Absolutely not! We here offer you a new book enPDFd immunology of the nervous system to read.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: From the serial determination of these substances, they would be better markers for damage of the nervous system than cell counts and total protein in CSF for the active injury for the nervous tissues.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that infection of the left sciatic nerve leads to direct spread of infection to brain (at a rate of approximately 1.0-2.0 mm/day), bypassing the need for extraneural replication and thus producing shorter incubation periods, and the efficiency of intraneural infection is low.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The observations suggest that Schwann cell remyelination is more extensive in spinal multiple sclerosis lesions than previously thought and in very large spinal cord plaques, Schwann cells also apparently have a more important role in myelin sheath regeneration than do oligodendroglia.
Abstract: To investigate remyelination in multiple sclerosis lesions, we immunostained spinal cord sections from patients with multiple sclerosis and neurologically normal (control) patients with antisera to P0 protein, a major constituent of peripheral nervous system myelin, and myelin basic protein, which is found in both central and peripheral nervous system myelin. In sections from five of the eight patients with no clinical or pathological evidence of neurological disease, P0 immunostaining was confined to peripheral myelin sheaths in dorsal and ventral roots. They were intensely stained, and peripheral-central nervous system transition zones were clearly demarcated. Sections from the other three control patients contained a few P0-stained sheaths in the central nervous system near root entry zones or among marginal glia near the dorsal sulcus. Spinal cord sections from six of the ten patients with multiple sclerosis contained clusters of myelin sheaths immunostained by P0 antiserum. These regenerating sheaths of peripheral nervous system origin were most numerous in large lesions and were commonly located in central areas or peripherally near root entry zones. The sheaths were observed frequently in areas of active demyelination and appeared morphologically normal even when surrounded by debris-filled macrophages. Near margins of small inactive plaques were a few basic protein-stained oligodendroglia extending processes to thin basic protein-stained sheaths. These regenerating sheaths of central origin were relatively uncommon and were not observed in areas of active myelin breakdown. Our observations suggest that Schwann cell remyelination is more extensive in spinal multiple sclerosis lesions than previously thought. In very large spinal cord plaques, Schwann cells also apparently have a more important role in myelin sheath regeneration than do oligodendroglia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In cats subjected to 4 weeks of TTX treatment and 6 weeks of recovery, the enzymatic levels in the affected LGN and cortical laminae were comparable to that of the normal, indicating that the dosage used apparently did not damage the neural pathways.

Journal ArticleDOI
30 Nov 1983-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that surgically induced second nervous systems are made by host cells which have lineages separate from those that contribute to the original CNS from the 32-cell stage, and the implications for the recent proposals about early compartmentation in vertebrate development.
Abstract: The amphibian nervous system has long been thought to arise from within a large (greater than 10(3) population of dorsal ectodermal cells, that would otherwise differentiate only as epidermis, as a result of inductive signals from underlying dorsal mesoderm at gastrulation. It has recently been claimed, however, that small cell groups are set aside much earlier in amphibian development, as the sole founders of particular portions or 'compartments' of the body plan. This would imply a dramatic re-interpretation of classical experiments where a second dorsal blastoporal lip, grafted to the ventral side of a gastrula containing 10,000 or more cells, causes there the development of a second central nervous system (CNS) in host tissue. We show that such surgically induced second nervous systems are made by host cells which have lineages separate from those that contribute to the original CNS from the 32-cell stage. Thus neural induction can occur as traditionally supposed, by assignment of ectodermal cell fate in relation to dorsal mesoderm during gastrulation. We discuss the implications of this for the recent proposals about early compartmentation in vertebrate development.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Abundant FMRFamide immunoreactivity has been found in the nervous systems of all hydrozoan, anthozoan, scyphozoan and ctenophoran species that were looked upon, showing that F MRFamide-like material must play a crucial role in the functioning of primitive nervous systems.
Abstract: Abundant FMRFamide immunoreactivity has been found in the nervous systems of all hydrozoan, anthozoan, scyphozoan and ctenophoran species that were looked upon. This general and abundant occurrence shows that FMRFamide-like material must play a crucial role in the functioning of primitive nervous systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the protein in adipose tissue is present at a concentration comparable to that measured in the nervous tissue and is immunologically identical to brain S-100, indicating that theprotein can no longer be regarded as being specific to the nervous system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the locust the retina was shown to synthesise considerable quantities of histamine and the metathoracic ganglion produced almost three times as much N‐acetyl histamine as imidazole‐4‐acetic acid.
Abstract: The distribution of histamine in the nervous systems of the locust, the cockroach, and the sphinx moth was mapped and the capacity of locust nervous tissue to synthesise and metabolise histamine was assessed. In all three species the highest levels of histamine were present in the retina and in the lamina neuropil of the optic lobe. Lower levels of histamine were detectable throughout the nervous system. In the locust the retina was shown to synthesise considerable quantities of histamine. The optic lobe and metathoracic ganglion synthesised smaller, though significant, amounts of histamine. Metabolic in activation of histamine in locust nervous tissue was shown to occur primarily via oxidation to imidazole-4-acetic acid and via N-acetylation to N-acetyl histamine. Whereas the retina and the optic lobe formed the two metabolic products in approximately equal proportions, the metathoracic ganglion produced almost three times as much N-acetyl histamine as imidazole-4-acetic acid.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The molecular actions of two major classes of drugs, the benzodiazepine tranquillizers and the barbiturates, have provided considerable insight into the organization and regulation of the inhibitory synapse at the biochemical level.
Abstract: y-Aminobutyric acid (4-aminobutanoic acid; GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. It was originally identified as the principal agent in brain extracts capable of inhibiting crayfish stretch-receptor neurons (Florey, 1954; Bazemore et al., 1957), an effect mediated by an increase in the membrane permeability to Cl-. With the further demonstration that GABA is released in a calcium-dependent manner from inhibitory nerve fibres in lobster muscle, it became clear that GABA was a prime candidate as an inhibitory transmitter in crustacea (Otsuka et al., 1966). Since that time, a similar role has been established for GABA in the mammalian central nervous system, where it may function at up to 40% of the synapses in brain (Fonnum & Storm-Mathisen, 1978). It is therefore not surprising that neurotransmission at synapses employing GABA has provided a target for a variety of centrally active drugs and toxins (for review see Olsen, 1981). Aberrations of inhibitory transmission have been implicated in a number of neurological disorders, for example epilepsy and Huntington's disease (Tower, 1976; Meldrum, 1978; Lloyd et al., 1977a). The molecular actions of two major classes of drugs, the benzodiazepine tranquillizers and the barbiturates, have provided considerable insight into the organization and regulation of the inhibitory synapse at the biochemical level. The purpose of this review is to present current thoughts on the molecular mechanisms by which GABA exerts its inhibitory actions within the nervous system. The structures of several compounds relevant to this article are given in Fig. 1.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that the rate of energy metabolism in an innervated neural structure is, at least in part, regulated by the impulse frequency of the electrical input to the structure, and this regulation may be an essential component of the mechanism of the coupling of metabolic activity to functional activity in the nervous system.
Abstract: Electrical stimulation of the distal stump of the transected cervical sympathetic trunk produces a frequency-dependent activation of glucose utilization, measured by the deoxy[14C]glucose method, in the superior cervical ganglion of the urethane-anesthetized rat. The frequency dependence falls between 0-15 Hz; at 20 Hz the activation of glucose utilization is no greater than at 15 Hz. Deafferentation of the superior cervical ganglion is transection of the cervical sympathetic trunk does not diminish the rate of glucose utilization in the ganglion in the urethane-anesthetized rat. These results indicate that the rate of energy metabolism in an innervated neural structure is, at least in part, regulated by the impulse frequency of the electrical input to the structure, and this regulation may be an essential component of the mechanism of the coupling of metabolic activity to functional activity in the nervous system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of central nervous system in the resetting of baroreflex was investigated in 5-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of Okamoto strain this paper.
Abstract: The role of central nervous system in the resetting of baroreflex was investigated in 5-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of Okamoto strain. Age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were used as normotensive controls. The aortic nerves, which in the rat, contain few or no chemoreceptor fibers, were stimulated electrically using a wide range of stimulus frequencies. The depressor responses (expressed as percent decrease in blood pressure as compared to its blood pressure value prior to aortic nerve stimulation) produced by these stimulations were significantly smaller in SHR than those in WKY. In another series of experiments, changes in the efferent limb of the baroreflex arc (i.e., greater splanchnic nerve activity) in response to stimulation of the baroreceptor afferents in the aortic nerve were recorded. Inhibition of the greater splanchnic nerve activity due to aortic nerve stimulation was found to be significantly smaller in SHR than in the WKY. Control sympathetic nerve activity was greater in SHR than in WKY. These results suggest that the central bulbospinal nervous system may be another site for resetting of baroreflex in hypertension.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this review, some cases of postnatal neurogenesis and their functional consequences, including the alteration of pre-existing synaptic connections are described.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that the evolution of the corpus callosum is founded on the emergence of a new preaxonal substrate pathway, the "glial sling," which bridges the two halves of the embryonic forebrain only in placental mammals.
Abstract: The evolution of nervous systems has included significant changes in the axon tracts of the central nervous system. These evolutionary changes required changes in axonal growth in embryos. During development, many axons reach their targets by following guidance cues that are organized as pathways in the embryonic substrate, and the overall pattern of the major axon tracts in the adult can be traced back to the fundamental pattern of such substrate pathways. Embryological and comparative anatomical studies suggest that most axon tracts, such as the anterior commissure, have evolved by the modified use of preexisting substrate pathways. On the other hand, recent developmental studies suggest that a few entirely new substrate pathways have arisen during evolution; these apparently provided opportunities for the formation of completely new axon tracts. The corpus callosum, which is found only in placental mammals, may be such a truly new axon tract. We propose that the evolution of the corpus callosum is founded on the emergence of a new preaxonal substrate pathway, the "glial sling," which bridges the two halves of the embryonic forebrain only in placental mammals.