Nervous system

About: Nervous system is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 16729 publications have been published within this topic receiving 847181 citations.

Histamine in the Nervous System

Abstract: Histamine is a transmitter in the nervous system and a signaling molecule in the gut, the skin, and the immune system. Histaminergic neurons in mammalian brain are located exclusively in the tuberomamillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus and send their axons all over the central nervous system. Active solely during waking, they maintain wakefulness and attention. Three of the four known histamine receptors and binding to glutamate NMDA receptors serve multiple functions in the brain, particularly control of excitability and plasticity. H1 and H2 receptor-mediated actions are mostly excitatory; H3 receptors act as inhibitory auto- and heteroreceptors. Mutual interactions with other transmitter systems form a network that links basic homeostatic and higher brain functions, including sleep-wake regulation, circadian and feeding rhythms, immunity, learning, and memory in health and disease.

Axons from CNS neurons regenerate into PNS grafts.

Abstract: Axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) form sprouts after injury. Elongation of regenerating axonal sprouts has been observed as the exception within the adult mammalian CNS but is the rule in the PNS of mammals as well as in the CNS of some fish and amphibians. The relative importance of intrinsic neuronal properties and axonal environment in determining the extent of axonal regrowth is unknown. Neuroglial cells, nerve growth factor and target tissues such as smooth muscle are known to influence neuronal responses to injury. Here we have examined the capacity of transected axons originating in the CNS to regrow into nerve grafts containing Schwann cells.

From neuron to brain

Abstract: Introduction to the Fifth Edition PART I: INTRODUCTION TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Principles of Signaling and Organization Signaling in the Visual System Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex PART II: ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF NEURONS AND GLIA Ion Channels and Signaling Structural Basis of Ion Channel Function The Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential The Ionic Basis of the Action Potential Electrical Signaling in Neurons Transport across Cell Membranes Properties and Functions of Neuroglian Cells PART III: INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission Release of Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System Transmitter Synthesis, Transport, Storage, and Inactivation Synaptic Plasticity PART IV: INTEGRATIVE MECHANISMS Autonomic Nervous System Cellular Mechanisms of Behavior in Ants, Bees, and Leeches PART V: SENSATION AND MOVEMENT Sensory Transduction Transduction and Transmission in the Retina Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation Auditory and Vestibular Sensation Constructing Perception Circuits Controlling Reflexes, Respiration, and Coordinated Movements PART VI: DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Development of the Nervous System Critical Periods in Sensory Systems Regeneration of Synaptic Connections after Injury PART VII: CONCLUSION Open Questions Clinical relevance emphasized Appendices Current Flow in Electrical Circuits Metabolic Pathways for the Synthesis and Inactivation of Low Molecular Weight Transmitters Structures and Pathways of the Brain

Analysis of Vertebrate Structure

Abstract: INTRODUCTION. The Nature Of Vertebrates Morphology. SURVEY OF VERTEBRATE ANIMALS: THE PRINCIPAL STRUCTURAL PATTERNS. Nature, Origins, and Classification of Vertebrates. Fishes. Tetrapods. THE PHYLOGENY AND ONTOGENY OF STRUCTURE: EVOLUTION IN RELATION TO TIME AND MAJOR TAXA. Early Development. Integument and Its Derivatives. Teeth. Head Skeleton. Body Skeleton. Muscles and Electric Organs. Coelom and Mesenteries. Digestive System. Respiratory System and Gas Bladder. Circulatory System. Excretory System and Osmoregulation. Reproductive System and Urogenital Ducts. Nervous System: General, Spinal Cord, and Perpheral Nerves. Nervous System: Brain. Sense Organs. Endocrine Glands. STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION: EVOLUTION IN RELATION TO HABIT AND HABITAT. Structural Elements of the Body. Mechanics of Support and Movement. Form, Function, and Body Size. Running and Jumping. Digging, and Crawling without Appendages. Climbing. Swimming and Diving. Flying and Gliding. Energetics and Locomotion. Feeding. Appendix: Anatomical Preparations. Glossary. Index.

Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis.

Abstract: While bidirectional brain-gut interactions are well known mechanisms for the regulation of gut function in both healthy and diseased states, a role of the enteric flora--including both commensal and pathogenic organisms--in these interactions has only been recognized in the past few years. The brain can influence commensal organisms (enteric microbiota) indirectly, via changes in gastrointestinal motility and secretion, and intestinal permeability, or directly, via signaling molecules released into the gut lumen from cells in the lamina propria (enterochromaffin cells, neurons, immune cells). Communication from enteric microbiota to the host can occur via multiple mechanisms, including epithelial-cell, receptor-mediated signaling and, when intestinal permeability is increased, through direct stimulation of host cells in the lamina propria. Enterochromaffin cells are important bidirectional transducers that regulate communication between the gut lumen and the nervous system. Vagal, afferent innervation of enterochromaffin cells provides a direct pathway for enterochromaffin-cell signaling to neuronal circuits, which may have an important role in pain and immune-response modulation, control of background emotions and other homeostatic functions. Disruption of the bidirectional interactions between the enteric microbiota and the nervous system may be involved in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic gastrointestinal disease states, including functional and inflammatory bowel disorders.