Topic
Nervous system
About: Nervous system is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 16729 publications have been published within this topic receiving 847181 citations.
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TL;DR: Action of cholinergic signaling on cellular and synaptic properties of neurons in several brain areas are identified and consequences of this signaling on behaviors related to drug abuse, attention, food intake, and affect are discussed.
912 citations
TL;DR: Cell biology and mouse genetics have provided insight into axon–glia signalling and the molecular architecture of the myelin sheath, and glial cells that myelinate axons were found to have a dual role by also supporting the long-term integrity of those axons.
Abstract: The myelination of axons by glial cells was the last major step in the evolution of cells in the vertebrate nervous system, and white-matter tracts are key to the architecture of the mammalian brain. Cell biology and mouse genetics have provided insight into axon–glia signalling and the molecular architecture of the myelin sheath. Glial cells that myelinate axons were found to have a dual role by also supporting the long-term integrity of those axons. This function may be independent of myelin itself. Myelin abnormalities cause a number of neurological diseases, and may also contribute to complex neuropsychiatric disorders.
907 citations
TL;DR: Two-way communication between neurons and nonneural cells called glia is essential for axonal conduction, synaptic transmission, and information processing and thus is required for normal functioning of the nervous system during development and throughout adult life.
Abstract: Two-way communication between neurons and nonneural cells called glia is essential for axonal conduction, synaptic transmission, and information processing and thus is required for normal functioning of the nervous system during development and throughout adult life. The signals between neurons and glia include ion fluxes, neurotransmitters, cell adhesion molecules, and specialized signaling molecules released from synaptic and nonsynaptic regions of the neuron. In contrast to the serial flow of information along chains of neurons, glia communicate with other glial cells through intracellular waves of calcium and via intercellular diffusion of chemical messengers. By releasing neurotransmitters and other extracellular signaling molecules, glia can affect neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission and perhaps coordinate activity across networks of neurons.
903 citations
TL;DR: This work uses mutant and transgenic mouse lines to show that axonal Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) signals information about axon size to Schwann cells, and suggests a model by which myelin-forming SchwANN cells integrate axonal Nrg1 signals as a biochemical measure of axonsize.
Abstract: In the nervous system of vertebrates, myelination is essential for rapid and accurate impulse conduction. Myelin thickness depends on axon fiber size. We use mutant and transgenic mouse lines to show that axonal Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) signals information about axon size to Schwann cells. Reduced Nrg1 expression causes hypomyelination and reduced nerve conduction velocity. Neuronal overexpression of Nrg1 induces hypermyelination and demonstrates that Nrg1 type III is the responsible isoform. We suggest a model by which myelin-forming Schwann cells integrate axonal Nrg1 signals as a biochemical measure of axon size.
903 citations
TL;DR: Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes are incited by a tumor outside the nervous system that produces a characteristic antigen of the nervous System that damages nerve tissue and inhibits growth of the tumor.
Abstract: Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes are incited by a tumor outside the nervous system that produces a characteristic antigen of the nervous system. An immune response against the ectopic tumor antigen not only damages nerve tissue but also inhibits growth of the tumor.
901 citations