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Nervous system

About: Nervous system is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 16729 publications have been published within this topic receiving 847181 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
15 Jun 2006-Neuron
TL;DR: It is shown that transected Drosophila axons undergo injury-induced degeneration that is morphologically similar to Wallerian degeneration in mammals and can be suppressed by the neuroprotective mouse Wlds protein.

447 citations

01 Jan 1904
TL;DR: I have repeated the experiment of clean excision of the suprarenal glands and find that the animal, when moribund, exhibits symptoms that are referable to a hindrance of the activities of those tissues especially that are innervated by the sympathetic.
Abstract: In further illustration of Langley's generalisation that the effect of adrenalin upon plain muscle is the same as the effect of exciting the sympathetic nerves supplying that particular tissue, it is found that the urethra of the cat is constricted alike by excitation of the hypogastric nerves and by the injection of adrenalin. The sacral visceral nerves, on the other hand, relax the urethra of the cat. But while the hypogastric nerves relax the tension of the bladder wall in the cat, they do not cause any similar change in the dog, monkey, or rabbit: and though, as is well known', adrenalin inhibits the cat's bladder, this reaction is the exception in the mammalian bladder, for adrenalin' does not produce any change in those of the three animals named above. I have repeated the experiment of clean excision of the suprarenal glands and find that the animal, when moribund, exhibits symptoms that are referable to a hindrance of the activities of those tissues especially that are innervated by the sympathetic. They lose their tone; and may even fail to respond to electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerves. The blood-pressure falls progressively, and the heart-beat is greatly weakened. And at the latest stage previous to death, though the nerves of external sensation and those controlling the skeletal muscles are perfectly efficient, the sympathetic nerves exhibit a partial paralysis of such a nature that nicotine, when injected, is unable to effect through them a rise of blood-pressure or to cause dilatation of the pupil.

446 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
11 Mar 1982-Nature
TL;DR: The extensive elongation of axons from neurones in the brain of adult rats through PNS grafts introduced into the cerebral hemispheres is reported for the first time.
Abstract: The failure of axons to elongate in the injured central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals restricts drastically the establishment of connections with target tissues situated more than a few millimetres away. Mechanisms that include a primary inability of some nerve cells to support renewed axonal growth, a premature formation of synapses on nearby neurones1, an obstruction caused by the formation of a glial scar2,3 and other influences of the microenvironment4–7 are presumed to contribute to the failure of nerve fibres to regenerate as effectively in the CNS as in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Support for the hypothesis that conditions in the glial environment of injured fibres have a decisive role in successful axonal elongation has recently come from studies using transplants containing either central glia or peripheral nerve segments as conduits of axon growth7,8. While CNS glial grafts have been shown to prevent growth of PNS fibres7–9, experiments which used labelling techniques to trace the source of axons growing into PNS grafts provided evidence that processes from nerve cells in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata of adult rats may increase in length by 1 or more centimetres when the CNS glial environment is replaced by that of peripheral nerves10,11. Here we report for the first time the extensive elongation of axons from neurones in the brain of adult rats through PNS grafts introduced into the cerebral hemispheres.

446 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There has been a new surge of interest in the functional significance of potassium distribution in the nervous system and the recent development of potassium-selective microelectrodes is supplemented by consulting more general reviews on brain electrolytes.
Abstract: Potassium, calcium, and magnesium are three inorganic ions that occur in significant quantity in extracellular fluid of the mammalian brain and have powerful effects on the functioning of nervous tissue. In different ways all three influence the excitability of neurons and the release of transmitters from presynaptic terminals. Two different points of view have evolved concerning the regulation of these ions in the central nervous system (CNS). Some authors have emphasized the narrow range of the activity of these ions in the healthy brain and have concluded that stability of brain function requires stability of the extracellular activity of these ions. Others have argued that in the course of evolution the mammalian brain must have found an advantageous use for these powerful agents in the normal regula­ tion of neuronal excitability. According to this view, programmed varia­ tions in [K+]o, [Ca2+]o, and perhaps also [Mg2+]o may be an integral component in the normal function of the central nervous system. Due to the recent development of potassium-selective microelectrodes (184) there has been a new surge of interest in the functional significance of potassium distribution in the nervous system. This selective review may be supplemented by consulting more general reviews on brain electrolytes (69, 72, 74, 83, 90, 158, 175).

444 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In vitro studies have demonstrated that the IGF system promotes differentiation and proliferation and sustains survival, preventing apoptosis of neuronal and brain derived cells and studies of transgenic mice overexpressing components of the IGFsystem or mice with disruptions of the same genes have clearly shown thatThe IGF system plays a key role in vivo.
Abstract: In recent years, much interest has been devoted to defining the role of the IGF system in the nervous system. The ubiquitous IGFs, their cell membrane receptors, and their carrier binding proteins, the IGFBPs, are expressed early in the development of the nervous system and are therefore considered to play a key role in these processes. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the IGF system promotes differentiation and proliferation and sustains survival, preventing apoptosis of neuronal and brain derived cells. Furthermore, studies of transgenic mice overexpressing components of the IGF system or mice with disruptions of the same genes have clearly shown that the IGF system plays a key role in vivo.

443 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023247
2022510
2021371
2020409
2019375
2018357