Topic
Nervous system
About: Nervous system is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 16729 publications have been published within this topic receiving 847181 citations.
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TL;DR: A wealth of data now demonstrate that the microglia have very diverse effector functions, in line with macrophage populations in other organs, and the term activatedmicroglia needs to be qualified to reflect the distinct and very different states of activation-associated effector function in different disease states.
Abstract: Microglia, the macrophages of the central nervous system parenchyma, have in the normal healthy brain a distinct phenotype induced by molecules expressed on or secreted by adjacent neurons and astrocytes, and this phenotype is maintained in part by virtue of the blood-brain barrier's exclusion of serum components. Microglia are continually active, their processes palpating and surveying their local microenvironment. The microglia rapidly change their phenotype in response to any disturbance of nervous system homeostasis and are commonly referred to as activated on the basis of the changes in their morphology or expression of cell surface antigens. A wealth of data now demonstrate that the microglia have very diverse effector functions, in line with macrophage populations in other organs. The term activated microglia needs to be qualified to reflect the distinct and very different states of activation-associated effector functions in different disease states. Manipulating the effector functions of microglia has the potential to modify the outcome of diverse neurological diseases.
1,611 citations
TL;DR: Immunosuppression and blockade of the reciprocal signaling pathways between neuronal and non-neuronal cells offer new opportunities for disease modification and more successful management of pain.
Abstract: Nociceptive pain results from the detection of intense or noxious stimuli by specialized high-threshold sensory neurons (nociceptors), a transfer of action potentials to the spinal cord, and onward transmission of the warning signal to the brain. In contrast, clinical pain such as pain after nerve injury (neuropathic pain) is characterized by pain in the absence of a stimulus and reduced nociceptive thresholds so that normally innocuous stimuli produce pain. The development of neuropathic pain involves not only neuronal pathways, but also Schwann cells, satellite cells in the dorsal root ganglia, components of the peripheral immune system, spinal microglia and astrocytes. As we increasingly appreciate that neuropathic pain has many features of a neuroimmune disorder, immunosuppression and blockade of the reciprocal signaling pathways between neuronal and non-neuronal cells offer new opportunities for disease modification and more successful management of pain.
1,556 citations
1,549 citations
TL;DR: There are several reasons for thinking that this method may offer a number of advantages over other currently available techniques, and it should be possible to do this by locally injecting radioactively labeled precursors of proteins or other macromolecules into the brain or spinal cord.
1,523 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: This book describes the development of the central nervous system and some of the mechanisms leading to cell death and organ failure in animals and humans.
Abstract: Section I: Evolution and Development Section II: Peripheral Nervous System and Spinal Cord Section III: Brainstem and Cerebellum Section IV: Diencephalon, Basal Ganglia and Amygdala Section V: Cortex Section IV: Systems
1,522 citations