Topic
Neurotoxicity Syndrome
About: Neurotoxicity Syndrome is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 307 publications have been published within this topic receiving 12776 citations.
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TL;DR: Two main impediments to prevention of neurodevelopmental deficits of chemical origin are the great gaps in testing chemicals for developmental neurotoxicity and the high level of proof required for regulation.
1,649 citations
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TL;DR: The diverse toxic actions and pharmacological effects of pyrethroids suggest that simple additivity models based on combined actions at a single target are not appropriate to assess the risks of cumulative exposure to multiple pyre Throids.
849 citations
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TL;DR: Future therapeutic strategies must target common mechanisms such as oxidative stress and dysregulation of intracellular calcium involved in virotoxin-mediated neurotoxicity involved in HIV infection of the nervous system.
Abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of the nervous system is unique when compared with other viral encephalitides. Neuronal cell loss occurs in the absence of neuronal infection. Viral proteins, termed virotoxins, are released from the infected glial cells that initiate a cascade of positive feedback loops by activating uninfected microglial cells and astrocytes. These activated cells release a variety of toxic substances that result in neuronal dysfunction and cell loss. The virotoxins act by a hit and run phenomenon. Thus, a transient exposure to the proteins initiates the neurotoxic cascade. High concentrations of these proteins likely occur in tight extracellular spaces where they may cause direct neurotoxicity as well. The emerging concepts in viral protein-induced neurotoxicity are reviewed as are the neurotoxic potential of each protein. Future therapeutic strategies must target common mechanisms such as oxidative stress and dysregulation of intracellular calcium involved in virotoxin-mediated neurotoxicity.
306 citations
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TL;DR: The clinical manifestations of antibiotic-induced neurotoxic effects, the underlying mechanisms and management strategies have been reviewed and high degree of vigilance in critically ill patients is essential in identifying a potentially serious, though reversible complications of antibiotic therapy.
Abstract: The clinical manifestations of antibiotic-induced neurotoxic effects, the underlying mechanisms and management strategies have been reviewed. PubMed and OVID searches (January 1960–June 2010) were conducted using search terms such as antibiotics, side effects, neurotoxicity and encephalopathy which yielded approximately 300 articles. All relevant case reports, case series, letters and retrospective reviews describing neurotoxic effects and those discussing mechanisms of neurotoxicity were included. Antibiotic-induced neurotoxic side effects can have a myriad of neurologic presentations. Patients with prior central nervous system (CNS) disease, renal insufficiency and advanced age may be particularly vulnerable. Treatment consists of discontinuation of the offending agent, use of antiepileptic drugs in the case of seizures or status epilepticus and haemodialysis in certain cases. The risk of CNS toxicity may be reduced via dosage adjustments in high risk populations. Awareness of the potential neurotoxic clinical manifestations of various antibiotics and high degree of vigilance in critically ill patients is essential in identifying a potentially serious, though reversible complications of antibiotic therapy particularly with the advent of newer antimicrobial agents.
289 citations
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TL;DR: The toxic effects of AMPH, METH and MDMA are summarized and some of the factors that are thought to underlie this toxicity are presented, which include oxidative stress, hyperthermia, excitotoxicity and various apoptotic pathways.
Abstract: The amphetamines, including amphetamine (AMPH), methamphetamine (METH) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), are among abused drugs in the US and throughout the world. Their abuse is associated with severe neurologic and psychiatric adverse events including the development of psychotic states. These neuropsychiatric complications might, in part, be related to drug-induced neurotoxic effects, which include damage to dopaminergic and serotonergic terminals, neuronal apoptosis, as well as activated astroglial and microglial cells in the brain. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the toxic effects of AMPH, METH and MDMA. The paper also presents some of the factors that are thought to underlie this toxicity. These include oxidative stress, hyperthermia, excitotoxicity and various apoptotic pathways. Better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in their toxicity should help to generate modern therapeutic approaches to prevent or attenuate the long-term consequences of amphetamine use disorders in humans.
278 citations