Showing papers on "Newcastle disease published in 1975"
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Although few free- flying wild birds were infected with VVND virus in this epornitic, the isolation of domestic NDV strains from free-flying wild ducks and mourning doves suggests the potential for transportation of NDV over long distances by migratory birds.
Abstract: During an epornitic of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease (VVND) in southern California, free-flying wild birds, captive and free-ranging semidomestic birds, and exotic birds were collected from the quarantine area to determine their role in the epizootiology of the disease. The VVND virus was isolated from 0.04% of 9,446 free-flying wild birds, 0.76% of 4,367 semidomestic birds, and 1.01% of 3,780 exotic birds examined. Three house sparrows and 1 crow directly associated with infected poultry flocks were the only free-flying wild birds from which VVND virus was isolated. Among semidomestic species, ducks, quail, chukars, pheasants, peafowl, pigeons, and doves were found to be infected. Psttacines, pittas, and toucans accounted for 92% of the VVND virus isolations from exotic birds. In addition, domestic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was isolated from 0.29% of the free-flying wild birds, from 1.65% of the semidomestic birds, and from 0.19% of the exotic birds collected. Hemagglutination-inhibition against domestic NDV was demonstrated in 0.24% of 3,796 wild bird serums, 8.28% of 2,004 semidomestic bird serums, and 3.90% of 231 exotic bird serums tested. Although few free-flying wild birds were infected with VVND virus in this epornitic, the isolation of domestic NDV strains from free-flying wild ducks and mourning doves suggests the potential for transportation of NDV over long distances by migratory birds.
56 citations
Journal Article•
52 citations
TL;DR: A method of preparing antigen for Newcastle hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests is described; polyethylene glycol precipitation is used for the virus concentration and stability, uninfectivity, and slow eluting features of the antigen should aid in obtaining accurate HI results without the risks inherent in the use of live virus.
Abstract: A method of preparing antigen for Newcastle hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests is described; polyethylene glycol precipitation is used for the virus concentration. The virus was inactivated with either formalin or beta-propiolactone. Glycerin was used to stabilize the hemagglutinin activity of the antigen. The stability, uninfectivity, and slow eluting features of the antigen should aid in obtaining accurate HI results without the risks inherent in the use of live virus.
37 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that wild waterfowl neither receive their ND infection from domestic poultry nor pass their disease to poultry, and the virus reservoir probably exists in nature.
Abstract: Antibodies to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as measured by hemagglutination-inhibition and virus-neutralization tests were detected in 40/236 Canada geese captured while in their southward migration or in their wintering grounds. Antibodies were also found in 37/267 wild ducks and in 20/31 domestic geese. Adult geese were readily infected by several routes. Inapparent disease usually resulted, and only 1/13 cases were fatal. Goose embryos responded differently to inoculation with selected NDV strains than did chicken embryos of comparative developmental stages. Some goslings that hatched from inoculated embryos died and were found to have virus, whereas others survived and developed active antibodies. Four strains of virus isolated from migratory ducks of the Pacific flyway were characterized. All 4 strains were lentogenic but differed from lentogenic strains prevalent in chickens by being thermostable. It is proposed that wild waterfowl neither receive their ND infection from domestic poultry nor pass their disease to poultry. The virus reservoir probably exists in nature.
34 citations
TL;DR: Chicks vaccinated with live Hitchner B1 Newcastle disease vaccine at 17 days old and subsequently re-vaccinated with an oil emulsion killed Newcastle Disease vaccine at either 38 or 52 days old showed high and persistent HAI antibody levels for at least eight months.
Abstract: Chicks vaccinated with live Hitchner B1 Newcastle disease vaccine at 17 days old and subsequently re-vaccinated with an oil emulsion killed Newcastle disease vaccine at either 38 or 52 days old showed high and persistent HAI antibody levels for at least eight months. Re-vaccination of these birds at 17 weeks old caused a further rise in antibody level to log212 which, even at 38 weeks, had dropped only to log210. Chicken primarily vaccinated with oil emulsion killed vaccine at six weeks old developed HAI antibody levels after four to five weeks of log29 which re-vaccination four weeks later increased to log211. Chicken given killed aluminium hydroxide adjuvant Newcastle disease vaccine were serologically HAI negative 13 weeks after vaccination while those given the oil emulsion vaccine still showed an antibody level of log28. Groups of birds inoculated with oil emulsion vaccine and then, at 20 weeks old, challenged with virulent Newcastle disease showed a 100 per cent survival rate. The particular merits of oil emulsion killed Newcastle disease vaccine for laying and breeding birds are discussed.
29 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is presented which confirms that temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants with an RNA- phenotype are spontaneously selected in persistent infection of cell lines with Newcastle disease virus.
Abstract: Evidence is presented which confirms that temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants with an RNA- phenotype are spontaneously selected in persistent infection of cell lines with Newcastle disease virus. Persistently infected BHK-21 cells, maintained since 1973, produce no interferon and are completely susceptible to vesicular stomatitis virus. Persistent infection of a canine kidney cell line (MDCK) terminated with destruction of all cells at about 100 days. Even under these conditions, a high proportion (33%) of RNA- temperature-sensitive mutants was present in the virus population 60 days after the infection was initiated.
25 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that influenza replication is inhibited by actinomycin D and α amanitin and migration of viral proteins between host cell cytoplasm and nucleus occurs during the virus replicative cycle.
Abstract: REPLICATION of influenza viruses is believed to require functions provided by the host cell nucleus because first, influenza replication is inhibited by actinomycin D and α amanitin, which prevent transcription of complementary RNA from virion RNA in the first few hours following infection1–4; and second, migration of viral proteins between host cell cytoplasm and nucleus occurs during the virus replicative cycle5–8.
21 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Kinetic neutralization tests were used to demonstrate antigenic differences among 3 plaque clones of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease viruses recently isolated from 3 avian species, which distinguished them from older, well characterized Newcastle disease virus.
Abstract: Study of antigenic differences among strains of Newcastle disease virus is complicated by the presence in most field isolates and strains of several genetically distinct plaque populations, and by differences in avidity (reactions to antibody) among Newcastle disease viruses. Kinetic neutralization tests were used to demonstrate antigenic differences among 3 plaque clones of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease viruses recently isolated from 3 avian species. The 3 viruses could be distinguished on the basis of plaque structure and hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activity. Antigenic differences among these viruses distinguished them from older, well characterized Newcastle disease viruses.
20 citations
TL;DR: The neuraminidase content of purified virus particles of three velogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus was compared with that of three lentogenic strains and it was found that Velogenic strains possessed approximately three times as much enzyme as lentogenic strain.
Abstract: Summary
The neuraminidase content of purified virus particles of three velogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus was compared with that of three lentogenic strains. Velogenic strains possessed approximately three times as much enzyme as lentogenic strains.
20 citations
TL;DR: Data collected during the velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease (VVND) epidemic that occurred in southern California from 1971 to 1973 were analyzed to determine the methods of spread of the disease.
Abstract: Data collected during the velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease (VVND) epidemic that occurred in southern California from 1971 to 1973 were analyzed to determine the methods of spread of the disease. Spread between chicken flocks was extensive and due mainly to the movement of live birds and mechanical transport of virus by man, especially by vaccination and poultry service crews. Spread to exotic birds was from contact with infected imported stock. Spread to other species was most probably through contact with infected chickens. Infection persisted in commercial chicken flocks because of intensive vaccination programs, heavy traffic and contact between layer operations, and the maintenance of multi-age flocks. These foci of infection probably led to spread of the disease to areas from which VVND had been eradicated several months before. There was no evidence of significant wind-borne spread of virus between flocks.
TL;DR: Findings suggest that the specific activity of the secretions of bile was most probably due to the presence of secretory antibody, and the importance of the antiviral substances present in the alimentary tract was discussed with respect to the protection of the chicken against the viscerotropic pathotype of NDV.
Abstract: Bile aspirated from chicken gall bladders was found to contain substances neutralizing Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Nonspecific factors were present in the bile, probably the bile acids, which caused a reduction in the infectivity of the virus. Specific anti-NDV activity was found in the bile of birds that had been vaccinated with a lentogenic strain, Ulster, and challenged with a velogenic, viscerotropic strain, California 1083. Immunoglobulins were also found in these secretions and demonstrated to include the immunoglobulin A class as well as immunoglobulin G. Variability in the neutralizing capacity of bile was found with two different plaque clones of strain 1083, indicating antigenic heterogeneity in the viral population. No difference was found between bile from uninfected birds and the bile from NDV-immune birds in their activities against influenza strain Turkey Ontario 7732, whereas activity existed against a non-viscerotropic strain of NDV, Texas GB. These findings suggest that the specific activity of the secretions was most probably due to the presence of secretory antibody. The importance of the antiviral substances present in the alimentary tract was discussed with respect to the protection of the chicken against the viscerotropic pathotype of NDV.
TL;DR: Vaccination of fowls with inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) virus and avian influenza virus oil emulsion vaccines containing an interferon inducer (BRL 5907) produced an enhanced immunological response.
TL;DR: Nucleocapsids measuring 17 nm in diameter were found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of these cells when studied electron microscopically, thus indicating a close relationship of the agent to the measles-distemper-rinderpest group, and the significance of these results is discussed with respect to the epidemiology of SSPE in children and its possible implication with rinderpst in Europe.
Abstract: Isolation of a viral agent (107) directly from brain explants of a 15-month-old heifer with symptoms of a sporadic encephalomyelitis is described. The virus shares properties with the paramyxovirus family. It grows in a variety of cell cultures from different species, and induces nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in infected cells. Nucleocapsids measuring 17 nm in diameter were found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of these cells when studied electron microscopically, thus indicating a close relationship of the agent to the measles-distemper-rinderpest group. No infectious virus was released from infected cells, although alignment of nucleocapsids was observed beneath the cell membrane, and no hemagglutinating activity could be detected with the methods employed. The 107 agent was compared serologically with parainfluenza viruses type 1, 2 and 3, simian virus 5, mumps and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), two bovine respiratory syncytial viruses and measles/subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, distemper and rinderpest viruses, always using 107 virus infected CV1 cells and antiserum of the different viruses in indirect FA tests. Positive FA reactions were observed only with two sera obtained from SSPE patients with high antibody titer to SSPE virus, and with one rabbit-anti-rinderpest serum. The titers of these sera to 107 virus, however, were significantly lower than those against homologous viruses. Five out of 9 sera from randomly selected healthy cattle showed antibody titers between 1:10 and 1:80 to 107 virus in FA tests. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to the epidemiology of SSPE in children and its possible implication with rinderpest in Europe.
TL;DR: Turkeys and turkeys vaccinated with live lentogenic B1 strain Newcastle disease virus were inoculated intracularly with viscerotropic velogenic (VV) Fontana strain NDV and studied for virus shedding and persistence of infection.
Abstract: SUMMARY Susceptible turkeys and turkeys vaccinated with live lentogenic BI strain Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were inoculated intraocularly with viscerotropic velogenic (VV) Fontana strain NDV and studied for virus shedding and persistence of infection. Susceptible poults that survived infection (15%) continued to shed NDV from the intestinal tract up to 46 days postinoculation. Turkeys that were vaccinated with B1 strain NDV did not develop clinical signs when their immunity was challenged with VV Fontana strain virus. Virus was recovered up to 53 days postchallenge (PC) from the cloaca of poults that were vaccinated once at 4 days of age and challenged at 1 month of age. Older turkeys that had been vaccinated one to three times did not generally shed virus after 4 days PC. Newcastle disease virus was recovered later in convalescence by the organ-culture method when swabs of trachea and cloaca were negative for virus. Persistent infection was detected as long as 88 days PC in organ cultures of cecal tonsil. Five of seven NDV isolants from organ cultures or from swabs caused fatal disease in chickens.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Litter in a room which had housed chickens and turkeys actively infected with velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease was no longer infectious for susceptible chickens placed there 10 to 14 days later.
Abstract: SUMMARY Litter in a room which had housed chickens and turkeys actively infected with velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease was no longer infectious for susceptible chickens placed there 10 to 14 days later.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Compared the response of groups of chicks from vaccinated and non-vaccinated hens after vaccination at various ages with Newcastle Disease vaccines of different pathogenicity (lentogenic and mesogenic strains) show that the older the chicks are at the time of vaccination, the better is their immune response.
Abstract: The short life span of domestic fowls necessitates the use of early vaccination, but the response is affected by the immaturity of the immune mechanism and by the presence ofmaternal immunity: this results in an uneven immunity of the large and continually changing poultry population. This paper compares the response of groups of chicks from vaccinated and non-vaccinated hens after vaccination at various ages with Newcastle Disease vaccines of different pathogenicity (lentogenic and mesogenic strains). The results show that: 1. maternal immunity has a great effect on the pathogenicity of the vaccine viruses and the subsequent immune response; 2. the older the chicks are at the time of vaccination, the better is their immune response; 3. for vaccines of low pathogenicity the immune response can be enhanced by increasing the dose of the virus irrespective of the presence of maternal immunity.
TL;DR: This interference test appears to be specific because the above interference was eliminated by adding type-specific anti-IBV serum to the IBV-NDV system; however, interference was not detectable when fowlpox virus (FPV) and infectious laryngotracheitis virus (LTV) were substituted for IBV.
Abstract: The Massachusetts and the Connecticut types of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were identified by interference in embryonating chicken eggs (ECE) with the production of hemagglutinin by the B-1 isolant of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). This interference test appears to be specific because the above interference was eliminated by adding type-specific anti-IBV serum to the IBV-NDV system; however, interference was not detectable when fowlpox virus (FPV) and infectious laryngotracheitis virus (LTV) were substituted for IBV. Specificity of the interference test was dependent upon a system involving IBV, NDV, FPV, and LTV. The test can be done in 3 days and requires minimum laboratory facilities. Most of the experiments were done with the Massachusetts type of IBV. Only a few were with the Connecticut type. The interfering action of the above two types of IBV over the B-1 isolant of NDV waxed between the 24th and 54th hr after inoculation of NDV; it was waning at the 54th-60th hr postinoculation and was undetectable by the 66th-72nd hr.
TL;DR: Establishment of selective immunity, local or systemic, made it possible to evaluate the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus in the respiratory tract of chickens that were previously immunized with beta-propiolactone-inactivated antigen.
Abstract: SUMMARY Establishment of selective immunity, local or systemic, made it possible to evaluate the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in the respiratory tract of chickens that were previously immunized with beta-propiolactone-inactivated antigen. NDV was inoculated intranasally or intramuscularly to chickens in different states of immunity (local or systemic). Humoral antibodies protected chickens against intranasal as well as intramuscular infection. Local antibodies, on the other hand, conferred immunity only against intranasal challenge. The respiratory tract supported multiplication of the virus, producing a self-limited subclinical infection. Replication of the virus in this system was negligible, playing only a minor role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
TL;DR: Newcastle disease virus was not isolated from 117 pools of M. domestica adults nor from 19 pools of Muscina stabulans (Fallen) tested, and none of the other insect species collected showed evidence of the presence of Newcastle disease virus.
Abstract: Field collections of insects in the vicinity of poultry flocks infected with the virus of exotic viscerotropic, velogenic Newcastle disease (VVND) were made in Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, southern California. Virus was isolated from 3 pools of Fannia canicularis (L.) and 1 of F. femoralis (Stein). Another pool of F. canicularis contained a mesogenic ND virus, and 1 pool of Musca domestica L. larvae had VVND virus. Newcastle disease virus was not isolated from 117 pools of M. domestica adults nor from 19 pools of Muscina stabulans (Fallen) tested. None of the other insect species collected showed evidence of the presence of Newcastle disease virus.
TL;DR: Preliminary tests indicate that 4 isolants are velogenic and 2 are lentogenic, thus indicating a possible carrier state for Newcastle disease virus in vaccinated and challenged turkeys.
Abstract: Tracheal and cecal-tonsil organ cultures were made from vaccinated turkeys that had survived challenge of immunity with viscerotropic velogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Culture fluids were tested to show that latent infections did exist in the vaccinated and challenged turkeys, thus indicating a possible carrier state. NDV was recovered from 6 of 159 turkeys examined. Preliminary tests indicate that 4 isolants are velogenic and 2 are lentogenic.
TL;DR: The vaccine has a high spreading potential which engendered immunity in susceptible contact birds but the immunity so obtained wanes quickly, and the ultimate judgement is the one derived from actual responses of birds to the attack of virulent agents.
TL;DR: Effects of parental immunity and method of vaccination were studied in broiler chickens vaccinated with a commercial LaSota vaccine and challenged with the Fontana strain of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease.
Abstract: SUMMARY Effects of parental immunity and method of vaccination were studied in broiler chickens vaccinated with a commercial LaSota vaccine and challenged with the Fontana strain of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease (VVND). Immunity was satisfactory from all methods of vaccination used.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: An indirect micro-radioimmunoassay is described in which chicken anti-Newcastle disease virus antibody was detected, with radioactively labeled rabbit anti-chicken Fab, on virus-infected microcultures of chick embryo fibroblasts, finding it to be highly sensitive and specific assay of anti-viral antibody.
Abstract: An indirect micro-radioimmunoassay is described in which chicken anti-Newcastle disease virus antibody was detected, with radioactively labeled rabbit anti-chicken Fab, on virus-infected microcultures of chick embryo fibroblasts Newcastle disease virus-infected microcultures were formalin fixed and stored at 4°C for up to 4 months without affecting the sensitivity of the test The micro-technique was found to be a highly sensitive and specific assay of anti-viral antibody and may allow detection of immunoglobulin class of anti-Newcastle disease virus antibody
TL;DR: Agammaglobu-linemic chickens could be partially protected against an otherwise lethal challenge following immunization with avirulent NDV, low doses of mesogenic NDV inoculated intranasally or im injection of β-propriolactone inactivated NDV mixed in complete Freund's adjuvant.
Abstract: In order to assess the mechanisms of host resistance to Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the susceptibility of young adult normal, T cell deficient and agammaglobulinemic chickens to an avirulent live vaccine (Bl) and a mesogenic strain of NDV was studied. All animals, regardless of immunological status resisted the vaccine strain. Most normal birds resisted mesogenic NDV, HOWEVER T cell deficient birds were much more susceptible and agammaglobulinemic chickens were extremely susceptible. There was no difference in the kinetics and levels of hemmagglutination-inhibition activity of plasma between normal, control-irradiated and T cell deficient birds nor between dying and surviving birds. Agammaglobulinemic chickens could be partially protected against an otherwise lethal challenge following immunization with avirulent NDV, low doses of mesogenic NDV inoculated intranasally or im injection of beta-propriolactone inactivated NDV mixed in complete Freund's adjuvant. The possible mechanisms for this protection together with the relative roles of humoral, cell mediated and non-specific immunity are discussed.
TL;DR: The hemolytic plaque assay was adapted to the detection of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in an in vivo, an in vitro system, and a combined in vivo-in vitro system.
Abstract: The hemolytic plaque assay was adapted to the detection of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in an in vivo, an in vitro system, and a combined in vivo-in vitro system. Several conditions were tested for coupling of sheep erythrocytes to NDV and for the kinetics of plaque formation in the in vivo and in vitro systems. The one set of conditions which provided the best responses is presented. The effect of multiple injections of NDV into mice on plaque formation was optimized.
TL;DR: In a small-scale study with an inactivated VVNDV vaccine, vaccinated poults were protected against challenge with the homologous viscerotropic virus.
Abstract: SUMMARY When used as a vaccine, live lentogenic Bi Newcastle disease virus (NDV) protects turkeys against challenge-exposure to viscerotropic velogenic NDV (WNDV). Low-level passively-immune poults were vaccinated one, two, or three times at various intervals and their immunity challenged at various times from 1 to 10 months of age. Newcastle disease virus was isolated readily from either the blood, trachea, or vent of turkeys in all challenge groups (through 5 months of age) on the 3rd to 6th days postchallenge (PC) but after 14 days PC was isolated rarely. Virus was isolated from turkeys that had high titers of serum hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies at the time of challenge. The anamnestic antibody response appeared to be stronger in poults that had low antibody titers prior to challenge-exposure to VVNDV. In a small-scale study with an inactivated VVNDV vaccine, vaccinated poults were protected against challenge with the homologous viscerotropic virus. Parallel control studies on the infectivity of viscerotropic NDV for turkeys indicated that resistance to VVNDV increased with age.
TL;DR: The present study was done to determine whether MG might interfere with the multiplication of NDV in the trachea of chickens exposed to ammonia and showed that ammonia enhanced the growth of MG.
Abstract: It was reported previously that Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) interfered with the multiplication of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chicken tracheal organ cultures (2), suggesting that MG might interfere with NDV multiplication in chickens. Also, the interference of MG with NDV appeared earlier when a larger inoculum of mycoplasma was used. A subsequent study (4) showed that ammonia enhanced the growth of MG. The present study was done to determine whether MG might interfere with the multiplication of NDV in the trachea of chickens exposed to ammonia.