Showing papers on "Newcastle disease published in 1981"

A survey of virus infection in sub‐antarctic penguins on macquarie island, southern ocean

Abstract: SUMMARY Serums from 1002 penguins of 4 species on Macquarie Island, a sub-antarctic island in the Southern Ocean, were examined for antibody to Newcastle disease virus (NDV), influenza A virus, avian paramyxovirus, alphavirus and flavivirus. No evidence of haemagglutination-inhibition antibody to influenza A virus or alphavirus was detected. Serums from 6% of royal penguins sampled gave positive reactions to NDV while the other 3 species were negative. Antibody to a flavivirus and an avian paramyxovirus, other than NDV, was detected in 3 of the 4 penguin species. Cloacal swabs from 831 penguins of 4 species were examined for the presence of viruses. Six isolates of paramyxovirus, other than NDV, were obtained from swabs taken from royal and king penguins at 2 widely separated sites on the island.

Relation of interferon production to the limited replication of Newcastle disease virus in L cells.

Abstract: Growth of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in L cells, where the virus undergoes limited replication, has been compared to that in fully permissive BHK-21 host cells. The synthesis of viral proteins and the production of infectious progeny were found to occur normally at early times of infection in L cells. However, the subsequent amplification of viral protein synthesis did not take place and instead of infectious virions, non-infectious haemagglutinin was the predominant product. This shift of replication pattern from complete to incomplete virus production seemed to be temporally related to the appearance and accumulation of interferon (IFN) in the system. The addition of specific antiserum against mouse IFN to the infected L cell cultures was able to circumvent such restriction of virus growth. In the presence of the antiserum, synthesis of viral proteins was found to progress normally, with the production of a high amount of infectious progeny comparable to that of the permissive system. These results suggest that the limited replication of NDV in L cells may be due to interference by the endogenously produced IFN during the course of infection.

Modification of low virulent Newcastle disease virus infection in chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus.

Abstract: One-day-old SPF chicks were inoculated with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) which had been isolated from contaminated Marek's disease vaccine. Then they were subjected to super infection with the B1 or TCND strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and examined for virus recovery, antibody response and the appearance of symptoms. Regardless of the time, from 0 to 8 weeks, of inoculation with the NDV-B1 strain after the REV infection, the antibody response was suppressed and the duration of the NDV recovery prolonged. Specific death preceded by severe respiratory or neural signs occurred more frequently to chicks inoculated with REV than to uninoculated controls after inoculation with the NDV-B1 strain in the neonatal stage or with the NDV-TCND strain at 5 weeks of age.

An assessment of the australian v4 strain of newcastle disease virus as a vaccine by spray, aerosol and drinking water administration

Abstract: An Australian strain of Newcastle disease virus, was evaluated for used as a vaccine following its administration by drinking water, aerosol and spray to chickens at 1 and 21 days of age. Haemagglutination inhibition antibody was produced and persisted for 11 weeks. Aerosol vaccination induced higher levels of haemagglutination inhibition antibody than the other methods of vaccination. No respiratory disease was observed following vaccination. Chickens vaccinated by aerosol and spray were fully protected when challenged at 5, 7 and 11 weeks of age with virulent Newcastle disease virus. Mortality of 10 to 30 per cent was observed in chickens vaccinated by drinking water and intranasally following challenge.

Isolation of a haemagglutinating adeno-like virus related to virus 127 from an australian poultry flock with an egg drop syndrome

Abstract: SUMMARY An egg drop syndrome within Australian broiler poultry is described. The syndrome was characterised by delayed onset of laying, a lower peak in egg production and a drop in egg production shortly after reaching peak production. Antibody to virus 127 was detected in 102 of 106 fowl serums tested. Two haemagglutinating viruses were isolated from one affected flock and one was subjected to further study. It was adenovirus-like on electron-microscopic examination and haemagglutination was not inhibited by a specific antiserum to Newcastle disease virus. An antiserum was raised in White Leghorn fowl against the isolate and this antiserum was found to cross-react with virus 127, a prototype virus of Egg Drop Syndrome 76.

Isolation of influenza a viruses from commercial ducks on a farm in Norfolk between August 1979 and March 1980

Abstract: Summary Investigation of respiratory disease and high mortality which occurred on a commercial duck fattening farm between August 1979 and March 1980 resulted in the isolation of 10 influenza A viruses. The viruses were characterised as Hav6 N2 (three isolates), Hav4 Navl (four isolates), Hav4 Nl (two isolates) and Hav7 Neq2 (one isolate) subtypes by haemagglutination‐inhibition and neuraminidase‐inhibition tests. A Newcastle disease virus isolate was also obtained from the ducks. All isolates had low intravenous pathogenicity indices in 6‐week‐old chickens.

Survival of viruses in fermented edible waste material.

Abstract: The survival of selected viruses in fermented edible waste material was studied to determine the feasibility of using this material as a livestock feed ingredient. Seven viruses, including pseudorabies, Newcastle disease, infectious canine hepatitis, avian infectious bronchitis, measles, vesicular stomatitis, and a porcine picornavirus were inoculated into a mixture of ground food waste (collected from a school lung program) containing Lactobacillus acidophilus. Mixtures were incubated at 5 C, 10 C, 20 C, and 30 C for 96 hours. Temperature, pH, and redox potential were monitored. Samples for virus isolation were obtained daily. Newcastle disease virus and infectious canine hepatitis virus survived the entire test period. The porcine picornavirus was inactivated at 30 C after 74 hours, but survived for the entire test period at the other temperatures. Pseudorabies virus was inactivated at 20 C and 30 C within 24 hours, but survived for 48 hours at 10 C and 96 hours at 5 C. Avian infectious bronchitis virus was inactivated at 20 C and 30 C within 24 hours, but survived 72 hours at 5 C and 10 C. Measles and vesicular stomatitis viruses were rapidly inactivated at all 4 temperatures.

Newcastle Disease—Pathogenesis and Diagnosis

Abstract: The pathogenesis and the gross pathology resulting from infection with viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus pathotypes, generally are characteristic in a susceptible avian population on ...

Comparison of Three Experimental Inactivated Oil-Emulsion Newcastle Disease Vaccines

Abstract: White Leghorn pullets vaccinated previously with live Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were revaccinated at point-of-lay with 3 experimental oil-emulsion (OE) Newcastle disease vaccines to determine whether immunogenicity of OE vaccines is influenced by emulsion composition differences. The vaccines used were formulated differently but contained equal amounts of inactivated NDV in stable, low-viscosity, water-in-oil emulsions. Serological responses to the vaccines differed (P less than 0.01), but 55 of 56 OE vaccinates remained clinically normal following challenge exposure with viscerotropic velogenic NDV 28 or 44 weeks after revaccination; 4 of 21 nonrevaccinated controls and all of 20 nonvaccinated challenge controls were clinically affected or died.

The correlation of fatty acid content of infected cells and virions with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) virulence.

Abstract: Summary Chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) infected with virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) showed a dramatic increase in total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). This increase was not seen in cells infected with the avirulent strains of NDV, Sendai virus or influenza A (PR8). The virions of the virulent strains of NDV harvested from the chorioallantoic cavity also had a higher UFA content compared to the avirulent ones. The kinetics of UFA increase in the virulent strains could be correlated with published data on the kinetics of RNA and protein synthesis inhibition, polykaryon formation and membrane permeability changes.

Cell Cultures Producing Human Interferon

Abstract: Most of 27 B-lymphoblast and 5 other cell lines derived from human leukocytes were found to produce human interferon either constitutively or after induction with Newcastle disease virus. Several produced relatively high levels of interferon after induction.

Immune responses of breeding chickens to trivalent oil emulsion vaccines: responses to Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease.

Abstract: Bivalent Newcastle disease (ND)/infectious bursal disease (IBD) and trivalent ND/IBD/infectious bronchitis (IB) inactivated oil emulsion vaccines were prepared in the laboratory and evaluated under field conditions. Broiler breeder parent chickens previously vaccinated with live vaccines were inoculated with commercial monovalent ND and experimental bivalent or trivalent oil emulsion vaccines. The commercial vaccine induced a higher initial ND haemagglutination inhibition (HI) response than the experimental vaccines but, by 34 weeks after vaccination, the mean ND HI levels were not significantly different in any of the three flocks. All three vaccines provided sufficient ND immunity to protect against the clinical disease and egg production losses. The IBD responses of both flocks vaccinated with oil emulsion vaccine were similar to each other and only slightly lower than those flocks vaccinated with monovalent IBD oil emulsion vaccine in earlier experiments. Six weeks after vaccination, sufficient immunity was transferred to protect all the progeny against IBD challenge up to 33 days of age and some of them up to 45 days of age. Thirty-four weeks after vaccination of the parents with oil emulsion vaccine, the progeny were totally immune up to 27 days of age and some of them were immune until 37 days. Application of oil emulsion vaccines in bivalent or trivalent form did not impair the responses of the chickens to the monovalent components.

Use of a Constant-Virus Diluting-Serum Microneutralization Technique for the Detection and Quantification of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Antibodies

Abstract: SUMMARY A constant-virus diluting-serum microneutralization test (CVMNT) for avian infectious bronchits virus (IBV) was evaluated for both reliability and repeatability. The virus used in the assay was a chick kidney (CK) cell-adapted strain, the Beaudette strain (IBV 42). Sera tested were from 24-week-old broiler-breeder chickens that had been vaccinated 3 times with a combination vaccine of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and IBV. Test results were not repeatable or comparable when the same sera were tested on different days, but test results were repeatable and comparable when the sera were tested on the same day. Differences in virus titer at the different times that tests were performed appeared to cause the variation in test results. A comparison was made between the CVMNT and a constant-serum diluting-virus microneutralization test (CSMNT). The CVMNT was able to detect differences in flock antibody titers that the CSMNT could not.

Epizootology of Newcastle disease in Indian house crows

Abstract: During an investigation into the role of Indian house crows (Corvus splendens splendens) in the epizootology of Newcastle disease, a total of 164 samples from 82 crows were examined. Fifteen isolations of Newcastle diseases virus were made from 10 birds and one of these was highly pathogenic to chicken. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests showed that 38 per cent of these crows possessed antibody to Newcastle disease virus. Initiation and duration of virus excretion and development of HI antibodies were also studied by experimental infection. Virus excretion began on day 3, continued till day 5 and complete elimination occurred by day 6. HI antibody titre began to rise from the seventh day to peak by the twenty-first day and declined thereafter.

Suppression of the Humoral Immune Response to Inactivated Newcastle Disease Virus by Mycoplasma meleagridis in the Turkey

Abstract: SUMMARY Groups of Mycoplasma meleagridis-free and -infected turkeys were vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) at 5 and 8 weeks of age. The two groups did not differ significantly in antibody response to NDV as measured by the hemagglutination-inhibition test when a live vaccine (TCND) was used, but the two groups differed significantly when an inactivated vaccine was used; titers were higher in the mycoplasma-free group in both primary and secondary responses. The difference between responses of the mycoplasma-free and -infected groups to inactivated and live NDV was explained by a current hypothesis about the ontogeny of B-cell differentiation in the bursa of Fabricius and by its interference by M. meleagridis.

Characterization of a Newcastle disease virus isolated from a parrot (Psittacus erythracus) in Nigeria.

Abstract: The characteristics of a Newcastle disease virus isolated from a parrot (Psittacus erythracus) in Nigeria were examined using standard laboratory tests. Minimum lethal dose in embryos was 10−10, mean death time 44.8 h. The intracerebral and intravenous pathologic indices were 1.65 and 2.42, respectively. The virus was resistant at pH 3 and pH 7.2 and the hemagglutinin was thermostable at 56 C for 120 min. Of 10 mammalian species of erythrocytes examined, those of equine and rat were not agglutinated. The isolate was typed as a velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus.

Suppression of inherent virulence for chickens of a newcastle disease strain by a shift within its subpopulations.

Abstract: In a few instances in the past year, Newcastle disease virus recovered from exotic birds in quarantine was lethal for chickens into which the first embryo passage was inoculated, but failed to kill chickens after further passage. There are several possible explanations for this inconsistency. We tried to determine whether a shift in the dominance of the viral subpopulations could account for the loss of virulence in chickens.

Augmentation of the antibody forming cell response to neuraminidase-treated cells by myxoviruses.

Abstract: Following the inoculation of Newcastle Disease virus, Sendai virus and influenza virus CBA mice made a specific plaque-forming cell response to virus-treated sheep red blood cells but not to virus-treated L1210 cells. This non-specific response to virus-treated L1210 could be exactly reproduced by treatment of L1210 with bacterial neuraminidase. Neuraminidase-treated cells from eight of nine vertebrates including chickens and syngeneic mice also registered plaques. Inoculations of the above viruses were considered to have evoked separate antibody forming cell responses to viral antigens, foreign cell components in the virus inoculum and to neuraminidase revealed cell membrance antigens.

Serological response of chickens, turkeys and ducks to strain v4 of newcastle disease virus

Abstract: SUMMARY The serological response of two different age groups of turkeys and ducks to strain V4 of Newcastle disease virus was markedly inferior to that of similar age groups of chickens. This suggested that this strain might not be a suitable vaccine strain for use in turkeys and ducks, even though the correlation between specific serum antibody and immunity in these species is not clearly understood. The 20-week-old group of chickens required two doses of 107–1 50 per cent embryo infective doses (EID50) of the virus to develop a specific serum antibody titre comparable to 21-day-old chickens given one dose of 107–1 EID50 of virus.

Aerosol vaccination against Newcastle disease: factors affecting the serological response in chickens.

Abstract: The effects of vaccine diluent and virus concentration on the immune response following aerosol vaccination against Newcastle Disease (ND) were studied. Four diluents (saline, tap water, distilled water and 2% casitone in distilled water) were used with various concentrations of LaSota strain virus. At low virus concentrations 2% casitone produced a higher HI antibody response than the other diluents. However, when the virus was administered in concentrations exceeding 7.4 +/- 0.4 logioEID50/m3, the recommended field dosage, virus suspensions in 2% casitone, distilled water and non-chlorinated tap water produced similar responses. The effect of virus concentration on the immune response was studied in 12- to 14-week-old chickens with or without residual immunity. Tenfold dilutions of ND virus of the LaSota strain were applied intratracheally or by aerosol and haemagglutination inhibition titres measured 2 and 4 weeks later. The dose producing an antibody response in 50% of the chickens was calculated both after intratracheal application and after aerosol vaccination. After intratracheal application doses of 0.9 log(10) EID50 and 1.8 log(10)EID50 were required to obtain a 50% response in specific pathogen free chickens and chickens with residual immunity respectively. When the virus was applied by aerosol 5.0 and 6.0 to 7.0 log(10)EID50/m3 were required to produce a 50% response in chickens without and with residual immunity, respectively.

Use of commercial sources of Newcastle disease virus: production, purification, and characterization.

Abstract: Publisher Summary Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family. Its genome is a single strand of RNA and, as for other members of its genus, the virus particles consist in part of a characteristic ether-sensitive envelope comprised of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin spikes. The infectivity of NDV can be measured in the laboratory by inoculation of the virus into embryonated eggs or by the measurement of the ability of the viral preparations to agglutinate red blood cells. Newcastle disease virus obtained from commercial sources or produced in the laboratory is grown in the allantoic fluid of eggs containing 10- to 11-day-old chick embryos by standard procedures for production of the paramyxoviruses. Allantoic fluid containing NDV is prefiltered through sterile nylon fiber to remove gross debris and pooled into 20-30-liter lots. Of the two commercial strains of NDV are available, the B1 strain is shown to induce interferon better than the La Sota strain with human white cells.