Showing papers on "Newcastle disease published in 1991"
Book•
[...]
01 Feb 1991
TL;DR: Describes symptoms, treatments, and prevention methods for numerous diseases and parasites afflicting poultry.
Abstract: Principles of disease prevention - diagnosis and control of nutritional diseases salmonella infections colibacillosis fowl cholera reimerella anatipestifer infection tuberculosis infectious coryza mycoplasmosis campylobacteriosis staphylococosis clostridial diseases bordetellosis other bacterial diseases avian chlamydiosis (psittacosis, ornithosis) fungal infections neoplastic diseases infectious bronchitis laryngotracheitis Newcastle disease and other avian paramyxoviridae infections avian encephalomyelitis influenza adenovirus infections pox duck hepatitis viral enteric infections viral arthritis infectious bursal disease chicken infections anaemia other viral infections external parasites and poultry pests internal parasites protozoa developmental, metabolic and other non-infectious disorders poisons and toxins diseases of unknown or complex aetiology and emerging diseases.
171 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that standard pasteurization methods would not reliably inactivate the concentrations of NDV used, and the optimum method should achieve virus inactivation without harming the treated material.
Abstract: Viruses conveyed in shipments of eggs, viral diagnostic reagents, or avian serum samples are a potential hazard for susceptible poultry. Different methods of treatment of those materials to eliminate the hazard of virulent and avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) or avian influenza virus (AIV) were evaluated. The NDV strains tested were more thermostable than the AIV strains. The results suggest that standard pasteurization methods would not reliably inactivate the concentrations of NDV used. beta-Propiolactone (BPL) (greater than or equal to 0.025%) inactivated NDV or AIV in allantoic fluid, but higher concentrations were needed to inactivate virus diluted in serum. Hemagglutination (HA) of NDV and AIV and hemolysis (HL) activity of NDV were reduced or eliminated by 0.4% BPL. Formalin (greater than or equal to 0.04%) inactivated either virus but adversely affected HA and HL activity. NDV or AIV was inactivated by binary ethylenimine (BEI) (0.01 M) with no adverse effect on HA or HL. Heat (56 C) or BEI (0.01 M) had no apparent effect on hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers of NDV and AIV antisera, the effect of formalin (0.1%) was variable, and BPL (greater than or equal to 0.25%) depressed the HI titers of both antisera. The optimum method should achieve virus inactivation without harming the treated material.
112 citations
TL;DR: Inoculated vitamin E may have enhanced the immune response by interacting with the immune-competent cells involved in the inflammatory reaction that followed inoculation of emulsified vaccines.
62 citations
TL;DR: Although the seroresponse of SPF-WL hens exposed to NDW vaccine was significantly less than that induced by the other vaccines, the response was still substantial, and seroreSponse to NDP-, LZ58- and Clone 30 vaccine did not differ significantly mutually.
Abstract: Vaccinal reaction and seroresponse induced by an Ulster 2C strain derived Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine (ND) (PoulvacR NDW Broiler) were compared with those due to three other lentogenic ND vaccines (NDP, LZ58 and Clone 30) used in broilers in the Netherlands. Comparisons were made in SPF-WL hens and commercial broilers with maternally derived antibodies, using a fully standardized model. The criteria used were body weight gain and mortality rate following vaccine aerosol exposure and susceptibility to experimentally induced Colibacillosis. The NDW vaccine was the mildest, followed by Clone 30-, LZ58- and NDP vaccine. Although the seroresponse of SPF-WL hens exposed to NDW vaccine was significantly less than that induced by the other vaccines, the response was still substantial. Seroresponse to NDP-, LZ58- and Clone 30 vaccine did not differ significantly mutually. In broilers, serores-ponses to NDW- and Clone 30-vaccine were similar.
54 citations
TL;DR: In non-immune birds the bursa at 7 and 20 weeks was the only lymphoreticular organ to show sustained reticular and lymphoid cell reactions until death took place, and germinal centre formation was most marked in the caecal tonsils at 20 weeks.
Abstract: The pathology of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus infection was compared in 7-and 20-week-old groups of non-immune birds and birds with two levels of immunity as determined by the haemagglutinin inhibition test. In non-immune birds the bursa at 7 and 20 weeks was the only lymphoreticular organ to show sustained reticular and lymphoid cell reactions until death took place. Caecal tonsil and spleen were extensively necrotized on day 4 after contact exposure, and similar changes occurred in lung and proventriculus. There was evidence of lymphoid recovery in birds which survived for 18 days. In immune birds the spleen showed two main responses. The first, acute reticular cell response around the ellipsoids indicated that renewed exposure to antigen was often associated with localized cell degeneration. The second, immunological, reaction was rapid formation of germinal centres which occurred somewhat earlier in 20-week-old birds (4-5 days). Especially from the second week, reticular (dendritic) cell and lymphoid hyperplasia occurred diffusely in the bursal medulla of both age groups although marked atrophy and cellular depletion, probably of physiological origin, was a feature of 20-week-old birds with high antibody levels. In the gastro-intestinal tract, germinal centre formation was most marked in the caecal tonsils at 20 weeks. With the Indonesian ITA strain of ND virus, degenerative and inflammatory changes in the brain were mild in all groups up to day 18 irrespective of immune status.
54 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that the HN protein of NDV expressed as a subunit by a recombinant baculovirus was protective against Newcastle disease.
Abstract: Vaccination of chickens with an oil-emulsion vaccine containing a recombinant baculovirus that expressed the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-induced hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and virus-neutralizing antibodies against NDV. HI antibody titers obtained in response to vaccination with the live recombinant virus were higher than those obtained when the recombinant was inactivated with beta-propiolactone, and the titers were lower than those obtained in response to the same HN concentrations in live or beta-propiolactone-inactivated NDV strain B1. The serological response to the recombinant baculovirus was differentiated from the response to NDV by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in which purified NDV nucleoprotein was used as antigen. Chickens vaccinated with the live recombinant or with inactivated NDV resisted an oculonasal challenge with the neurotropic velogenic Texas GB strain of NDV, which was lethal in unvaccinated controls. It was concluded that the HN protein of NDV expressed as a subunit by a recombinant baculovirus was protective against Newcastle disease.
45 citations
TL;DR: Antibody response of recombinant fowlpox virus was studied in chickens inoculated with the virus in the presence of antibodies against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) or FPV, and no immune response to NDV was observed in the chickens previously vaccinated with FPV.
Abstract: SUMMARY. Antibody response of recombinant fowlpox virus (FPV) was studied in chickens inoculated with the virus in the presence or absence of antibodies against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) or FPV. In the case of NDV, high hemagglutination-inhibition titers to NDV were obtained when the antibody was present. No immune response to NDV was observed in the chickens previously vaccinated with FPV.
37 citations
TL;DR: The present work indicated the possibility of a direct association between the genetic characteristics represented in the B complex and humoral antibody response in a broiler population.
30 citations
TL;DR: Efficacy and excretion of an Ulster strain-derived Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine (Poulvac NDW Broiler) were examined in maternally immune chickens and respiratory signs of vaccinal reaction were absent after spray-application and were very slight following Atomist administration.
Abstract: Summary Efficacy and excretion of an Ulster strain‐derived Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine (Poulvac® NDW Broiler) were examined in maternally immune chickens. The vaccine was effective in broilers following coarse spray or aerosol (Atomist) application at one to 10 days of age. Immunity did not differ significantly from immunity following vaccination with a La Sota type vaccine. Also, combined spray application of NDW‐ and infectious bronchitis (IB) (Poulvac® IB primer) vaccine at 1‐day‐old, resulted in sufficient protection against challenge with both virulent ND and IB virus. In layers the vaccine was less immunogenic, requiring large doses to induce sufficient protection in chickens with maternal antibodies. In layers this may make the vaccine economically non‐viable. Atomist vaccination using economically justified doses, was effective after maternal antibodies had waned. Clinical signs of vaccinal reaction were not observed in layers. In broilers respiratory signs of vaccinal reaction were absent afte...
29 citations
TL;DR: Recombinant cells constitutively expressing at their surface the HN protein from the velogenic Texas strain were generated by introducing the Hn gene with a helper-free AEV-based vector and were used to immunize chickens by various protocols, and birds were subsequently challenged with a lethal NDV injection.
TL;DR: Results clearly confirm that immune response(s) solely to the HN protein of NDV can provide chickens with protection against NDV challenge, and show that the presence of antibodies to theHN protein correlates significantly with the protection from NDV infection at least in HN-immunized chickens.
Abstract: The role of immune responses to haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein in protection against a Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection was investigated using a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HN (HN-RVV). Live HN-RVV replicated in chickens and completely protected them from lethal infection with virulent NDV. Inactivated HN-RVV also protected chickens when administered with adjuvant but not when administered without adjuvant. However, large amounts of the inactivated HN-RVV (100-fold excess) without adjuvant provided protection. Specific antibodies against the HN protein of NDV were detected in sera from survivors but not from dying birds. However, the kinetics of antibody responses in chickens inoculated with live HN-RVV and inactivated HN-RVV were considerably different. These results clearly confirm that immune response(s) solely to the HN protein of NDV can provide chickens with protection against NDV challenge, and show that the presence of antibodies to the HN protein correlates significantly with the protection from NDV infection at least in HN-immunized chickens.
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: The results show that this V4 vaccine can produce an adequate serological response following mass administration to Australian meat chickens housed under commercial conditions.
Abstract: SUMMARY Layer chickens on a commercial started pullet farm were vaccinated once at 31 to 52 days of age by drinking water or aerosol with live V4 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine. Flockmates which had been rehoused in laboratory isolation pens shortly beforehand were similarly vaccinated. Samples of birds were bled at intervals and the serums tested for haemagglutination inhibiting antibody to NDV. Log2 mean titres of up to 4.88 and assumed protection levels (based on the percentage of birds with log2 titres of 4 or greater) of up to 81%, were obtained in the field trials within 4 weeks of vaccination. A subsequent laboratory trial further compared the response of different breeds of chicken to different routes of vaccination. Differences were observed between breeds, routes of vaccination, and parallel field and laboratory trials. The results show that this V4 vaccine can produce an adequate serological response following mass vaccination of Australian layer pullets housed under commercial conditions, and that care should be exercised in extrapolating results obtained under laboratory conditions.
TL;DR: Lentogenic Newcastle disease virus strains were demonstrated by culture and electron microscopically in the gut contents of very young, non-vaccinated chickens from hatching up to day 25 and the same virus was demonstrated even in chicken embryos despite the presence of maternal antibodies both in yolk extracts, and in hatched chicks.
Abstract: PospiSil Z.,Dagmar Zendulkovli, B. Smfd: Unexpected Emergence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Very Young Chicks. Acta vet. Bmo 60, 1991: 263-270. Lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains were demonstrated by culture and electron microscopically in the gut contents of very young, non-vaccinated chickens from hatching up to day 25. The same virus was demonstrated even in chicken embryos despite the presence of maternal antibodies both in yolk extracts, and in hatched chicks. NDV disappeared from the organism of infected chickens without inducing antibody formation. Post-vaccination antibody titres were very low and various in chickens previously infected with NDV. Possible transovarian transmission of NDV is discussed.
TL;DR: The Australian non-pathogenic, heat-resistant V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in food-pellet form was used on a single occasion to vaccinate village poultry in The Gambia to monitor the response of the chickens to the vaccine virus.
Abstract: Summary The Australian non‐pathogenic, heat‐resistant V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in food‐pellet form was used on a single occasion to vaccinate village poultry in The Gambia. The response of the chickens to the vaccine virus was monitored with the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Pre‐vaccination HI tests showed that the majority of chickens tested did not have antibodies to NDV. At 4 and 12 weeks post‐vaccination, vaccinated chickens showed 30 and 48% seroconversion, respectively. The HI titres were indicative of protection, but challenge experiments were not undertaken. Only a low percentage of the control groups were antibody positive at these times.
Patent•
12 Dec 1991TL;DR: In this paper, live, cold-adapted temperature-sensitive (CaTs), attenuated Newcastle disease virus vaccines are provided which are effectively immunogenic and contain a mutant of a Hitchner B 1 parent strain of Newcastle virus.
Abstract: Novel live, cold-adapted temperature-sensitive (CaTs), attenuated Newcastle disease virus vaccines are provided which are effectively immunogenic and contain a mutant of a Hitchner B 1 parent strain of Newcastle disease virus.
TL;DR: The immunosuppressive effect ofRF-1tc and RF-1wt strains was lower when chicks were infected with these strains at the age of 21 days than when they were infected at one day of age, and was more pronounced for infectious coryza vaccine and B1 vaccine than for TCND vaccine.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The NDV-6/10 strain was selected by Lomniczi from naturally occurring Newcastle-disease-virus-strains as mentioned in this paper and the vaccine is now commercially available and designated VITAPEST.
Abstract: The NDV-6-strain was selected by Lomniczi from naturally occurring Newcastle-disease-virus-strains. This strain was administered to chicken of different ages without detrimental effects. The strain was thermoresistant and adapted by serial passages in gut epithelial cells (NDV-6/10 variant). By using an aerosol of this strain (10(7),(3) EID50/m3) more than 1,3 millions chicken were immunised either in the incubator and up to an age of 10 days. Vaccine reactions were not observed. Vaccination against Marek's disease did not interfere with NDV-vaccination efficacy when day-old chicken were vaccinated with the NDV-6/10 aerosol. Obviously, the vaccine elicits a distinct cell-associated immunity. This explains, why chicken exhibiting low hemagglutination inhibition serum-antibody titers were found resistant to challenge infection with velogenic NDV. Immunity of chicken which have been vaccinated within 1 to 8 days post hatch by the NDV-6/10 aerosol vaccine, persisted 6 to 8 weeks and can be extended by revaccination up to onset of laying. The vaccine is now commercially available and designated VITAPEST.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the V4 vaccine is efficacious and could be useful during an outbreak of virulent ND in Australia.
Abstract: Meat chickens housed on a commercial broiler farm in Australia were vaccinated once at 10 to 11 days-of-age by aerosol with live V4 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine Groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated birds were flown to Malaysia, where they were challenged with a virulent strain of NDV Survival rates in vaccinated chickens challenged 7, 14, 21 or 31 d after vaccination were 047, 077, 097 and 092, respectively All unvaccinated chickens died due to Newcastle disease (ND) following challenge Chickens in Australia and Malaysia were bled and the serums tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody to NDV Many vaccinated birds with no detectable antibody, and all birds with a log2 titre of 2 or greater, survived challenge The results showed that this V4 vaccine induced protective immunity in a significant proportion of chickens within 7 d of mass aerosol vaccination This early immunity occurred in the absence of detectable circulating HI antibody Non-HI antibody mediated immunity continued to provide protection up to 31 d after vaccination Almost all vaccinated birds were protected within 3 w of vaccination It is concluded that the V4 vaccine is efficacious and could be useful during an outbreak of virulent ND in Australia
TL;DR: Flocks that had antibodies to Newcastle disease virus and/or Mycoplasma meleagridis had an increased risk of having an outbreak of fowl cholera.
Abstract: SUMMARY. As part of a case-control study designed to identify fowl cholera risk factors, 2087 blood samples were collected from 71 California meat-turkey flocks. Samples were tested for antibodies to three mycoplasmas and four viruses pathogenic for turkeys. Flocks that had antibodies to Newcastle disease virus and/or Mycoplasma meleagridis had an increased risk of having an outbreak of fowl cholera. This information should prove useful for fowl cholera control programs in meat turkeys.
TL;DR: The safety and efficacy of the cell-associated (C-A) vaccine prepared by chicken embryo fibroblast cells infected with the tissue-culture-modified strain of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus were studied in chickens.
Abstract: The safety and efficacy of the cell-associated (C-A) vaccine prepared by chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells infected with the tissue-culture-modified strain of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus were studied in chickens. Over seventy percent of chickens inoculated with the C-A vaccine by the subcutaneous (S.C.) or intramuscular (I.M.) route at 1 day of age was protected against challenge with a virulent strain of ILT virus without any clinical signs. Chickens vaccinated with the C-A vaccine at 1 day of age acquired immunity within 6 days after vaccination, and the protection rate maintained more than 60% until 10 weeks post-vaccination. The C-A vaccine was invariably effective for chickens at various age. There was no evidence that the development of immunity was hindered by further vaccination with Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis combined live vaccine. In addition, the C-A vaccine was safe when chickens were inoculated with 10 doses. In the field trials of the C-A vaccine, no adverse reaction was observed, and over 65% of vaccinated chickens was protected against the challenge of the virulent ILT virus at 8 weeks after vaccination.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The artificial envelopes or immunosomes possessed several advantageous properties when used as vaccines, including a faster response and the immunity lasted longer in animals treated with these vesicles than in controls vaccinated with envelope proteins in combination with traditional adjuvants.
Abstract: Isolated envelope proteins of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were inserted into the lipid bilayer of artificial vesicles to create a viral envelope-like structure. The structure-containing viral antigens at high density elicited a strong immune response, in contrast to purified viral proteins. The artificial envelopes or immunosomes possessed several advantageous properties when used as vaccines. They elicited a faster response and the immunity lasted longer in animals treated with these vesicles than in controls vaccinated with envelope proteins in combination with traditional adjuvants. A further useful feature of the artificial envelopes is that no inflammatory lesions develop at the site of their injection.
TL;DR: Drinking water vaccination induced an anamnestic response in 3 flocks, showing that flocks with pre-existing active immunity to NDV may be successfully vaccinated with V4, and in all aerosol vaccinated flock, the procedures failed to induce a response different to that observed in unvaccinated flocks.
Abstract: SUMMARY Flocks of broiler breeder chickens housed on a commercial farm were monitored from 13 w of age for natural infection with endemic lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Seroconversion was first detected at 17 w. By 24 w, all 8 flocks had achieved peak log2 mean haemagglutination inhibiting antibody titres of up to 4.8. Antibody titres then declined and rose again over several months, suggesting cyclic reinfection with NDV. A lentogenic NDV indistinguishable from V4 was isolated from the cloaca of one bird at 18 weeks of age.
At 54 weeks of age, 6 of 8 flocks were vaccinated en masse with live V4 NDV vaccine, 3 flocks by drinking water and 3 flocks by aerosol. All flocks were serologically monitored for a further 8 w. Drinking water vaccination induced an anamnestic response in 3 flocks, showing that flocks with pre-existing active immunity to NDV may be successfully vaccinated with V4. However, in all aerosol vaccinated flocks, the procedures failed to induce a response different to that observed in unvaccinated flocks. The serological response to vaccination was greater in sires than in dams.
TL;DR: Broiler chicks were administered vaccines against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis at 2 weeks of age as either primary or secondary vaccinations, and the Newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition response was significantly lower in chicks receiving Newcastle disease vaccine as a secondary vaccine at2 weeks than in those receiving the vaccine asA primary vaccination at that age.
Abstract: Broiler chicks were administered vaccines against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis (both Arkansas and Massachusetts strains) at 2 weeks of age as either primary or secondary vaccinations. The vaccine was administered as a spray at 2 weeks of age to chicks that had received Newcastle disease vaccine alone, bronchitis vaccine alone, both vaccines in combination, or no vaccine at day 1 in the hatchery. The Newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition response was significantly lower in chicks receiving Newcastle disease vaccine as a secondary vaccine at 2 weeks than in those receiving the vaccine as a primary vaccination at that age. In contrast, the bronchitis hemagglutination-inhibition response was significantly higher in chicks receiving bronchitis vaccine as a secondary vaccination at 2 weeks than in those receiving the vaccine as a primary vaccination at that age.
TL;DR: The VNF agent appears to be one of a newly identified class of nonspecific antiviral agents produced in vivo in chickens in response to a viral infection, and may have a broad antiviral and antimicrobial spectrum.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a vaccine strain of Newcastle disease as antigen as antigen allows the control of the drop in the maternal antibody level of 1 and 28 days old chicks and can be used as alternative to the inhibition of hemagglutination method.
Abstract: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a vaccine strain of Newcastle disease as antigen has been developed. It allows the control of the drop in the maternal antibody level of 1 and 28 days old chicks. Thus it can be used as alternative to the inhibition of hemagglutination method. A comparative study has shown a good correlation between the enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay and the inhibition of hemagglutination.