Showing papers on "Newcastle disease published in 1993"

Recovery of velogenic Newcastle disease virus from dead and healthy free‐roaming birds in Nigeria

Abstract: Fourteen Newcastle disease virus isolates were recovered, 10 from dead birds (nine chickens and one guinea fowl) and four from apparently healthy, free-roaming birds (one chicken, two ducks and one pigeon) in Nigeria. The pathogenicity indices showed all the isolates to be velogenic.

Efficacy in Chickens of a Herpesvirus of Turkeys Recombinant Vaccine Containing the Fusion Gene of Newcastle Disease Virus: Onset of Protection and Effect of Maternal Antibodies

Abstract: The onset of protection against Newcastle disease and the effect of maternal antibodies to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Marek's disease virus (MDV) on vaccine efficacy were determined following vaccination of chickens with a recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) vaccine expressing the fusion (F) glycoprotein gene of NDV. Onset of protection following intra-abdominal administration of the recombinant HVT/F vaccine at 1 day of age and subsequent ocular challenge with the neurotropic velogenic Texas GB strain of NDV was determined to occur between days 14 and 21 post-vaccination (PV). Vaccination with the Hitchner B1 strain of NDV resulted in protection by day 6 PV, and vaccination with an inactivated NDV oil-emulsion vaccine induced protection by day 14 PV. One-day-old broiler-type chickens with maternal antibodies to both NDV and MDV and 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) white leghorn chickens lacking maternal antibodies were vaccinated with the recombinant HVT/F vaccine or with control vaccines, challenged intra-abdominally with the very virulent RB1B strain of MDV on day 8 PV, and challenged with the Texas GB strain of NDV on day 29 PV. The HVT/F and NDV strain Hitchner B1 vaccines provided 73% and 80% protection, respectively, against NDV in broilers, whereas both vaccines resulted in 100% protection in SPF leghorns.

Virus infections of birds.

Abstract: Preface (M.C. Horzinek). Introduction (J.B. McFerran, M.S. McNulty). Authors' Abbreviations. I. DNA VIRUSES Poxviridae. Poxvirus (D.M. Tripathy). Herpesviridae. Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (F.T.W. Jordan). Marek's Disease Virus (P.C. Powell, L.N. Payne). Duck Plague Virus (J.H.M. Richter. Herpesvirus Infections of Pigeons, Caged and Wild Birds (H. Vindevogel). Hepadnaviridae. Hepadnaviruses (H. Will). Adenoviridae. Adenoviruses (R.M. McCracken, B.M. Adair). Papovaviridae. Avian Papovaviruses (A.D.M.E. Osterhaus). Parvoviridae. Parvovirus Infection of Chickens (J. Kisary). Derzsy's Disease of Geese (J. Kisary). Avian Adenovirus-associated Virus (V.J. Yates, T.H. Piela-Smith). "Circovirus". Chicken Anaemia Agent (N. Yuasa). II. RNA VIRUSES. Reoviridae. - Reovirus. Reovirus (M.S. McNulty). - Orbivirus. Orbiviruses (P.A. Nuttall).- Rotavirus. Rotavirus (M.S. McNulty). Birnaviridae. Infectious Bursal Disease (J.B. McFerran). Togaviridae. Toga and Flaviviruses (D.I.H. Simpson). Flaviviridae. Turkey Meningo-encephalitis Virus (M. Malkinson). Coronaviridae. Infectious Bronchitis Viridae (D.A. McMartin). Infectious Bronchitis - The Disease in Australia (J.T. Faragher). Coronaviral Enteritis of Turkeys (S.A. Nagi). Orthomyxoviridae. Orthomyxoviruses (D.J. Alexander). Paramyxoviridae-Paramyxovirus. Paramixoviruses (D.J. Alexander). Newcastle Disease Virus (B. Kouwenhoven). Paramyxovirus Type 1 in Pigeons (H. Vindevogel). - Pneumovirus. Pneumoviruses (Turkey Rhinotracheitis and Swollen Head Syndrome of Chickens) (D.J. Alexander). Rhabdoviridae. Rhabdoviruses (G.R. Scott). Bunyaviridae. Bunyaviruses (J.S. Porterfield). Retroviridae. Avian Leukosis/Sarcoma Viruses (L.N. Payne). Reticuloendotheliosis Virus in Fowl (T.J. Bagust). Tumor Viruses of Turkeys (J.S. McDougall, P. Biggs). Picornaviridae. Avian Encephalomyelitis Virus (B.W. Calnek). Avian Nephritis Virus (T. Imada). Duck Hepatitis Virus (B.W. Calnek). Other Avian Enteroviruses (J.B. McFerran). Astrovirus. Astroviruses in Ducks (Duck Hepatitis Type II) (R.E. Gough). Astroviruses in Turkeys (M.S. McNulty). III. UNCLASSIFIED VIRUSES. Haemorrhagic Nephritis and Enteritis of Geese (J. Kisary). Turkey Viral Hepatitis (J.B. McFerran). IV. SHORT REVIEWS. The Runting Stunting Syndrome - General Assessment (M.S. McNulty). The Pale Bird (Runting Stunting) Syndrome in the USA (P. Villegas). Aetiology and Diagnosis of Respiratory Disease in Fowl (G. Meulemans). Aetiology of Respiratory Disease in Pigeons (H. Vindevogel). Aetiology and Diagnosis of Drops in Egg Production (G. Meulemans). A New Disease of Broiler Breeders - Big Liver and Spleen Disease (W. Williams et al.). Virus Diseases of Japanese Quail (N. Ratnamohan). Specific Pathogen-free (SPF Poultry Flocks: Principles and Practices (J.T. Bagust). Vaccination Schedules Used in Various Countries (M. Pattison et al.).

Evaluation of a modified-live virus vaccine administered in ovo to protect chickens against Newcastle disease

Abstract: The B1 strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV-B1), which is nonpathogenic for newly hatched chickens, killed embryos when it was used to inoculate chicken eggs at embryonation day 18. Treatment of NDV-B1 with an alkylating agent, ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) markedly reduced the pathogenicity of the virus for 18-day-old chicken embryos. Eggs inoculated with the modified virus (NDV-B1-EMS) hatched, and the virus was isolated from lungs and spleen of 1-day-old chickens. The hatched chickens developed antibody to NDV and were protected against challenge exposure (at 4 weeks of age) with a highly virulent GB-Texas strain of NDV. Presence of maternal antibody to NDV in embryonating eggs did not influence the protective ability of NDV-B1-EMS, which also induced protective immunity when administered to 4-week-old chickens. The 50% protective dose of NDV-B1-EMS in maternal antibody-negative and -positive embryos was calculated to be 10.77 and 17.70 embryo 50% lethal doses, respectively. Results of the study indicated that NDV-B1-EMS may be used as an embryo vaccine to protect chickens against Newcastle disease.

Recombinant fowlpox virus vaccines for poultry

Abstract: The intensive poultry industries rely heavily upon the use of vaccines for disease control. Viral vector based vaccines offer new avenues for the development of vaccines for effective disease control in poultry. Techniques developed for the construction of recombinant vaccinia viruses have been readily adapted to the construction of recombinant viruses based on fowlpox virus (rFPV). The ability to insert several genes into the large genome of fowlpox may enable the development of multivalent vaccines and vaccines incorporating immune response modifiers such as lymphokines. Newcastle disease, avian influenza, infectious bursal disease and Marek's disease antigens expressed by rFPV have been shown to be effective vaccines in poultry. None appear, however, to provide a substantial improvement in vaccine efficacy. Recombinant FPV will be a valuable adjunct to conventional vaccines currently in widespread use. Whether rFPV or other vector based vaccines can circumvent the problems of vaccination in the presence of high maternally derived antibodies is yet to be resolved. The observation that avipoxvirus recombinants may be suitable for the vaccination of non-avian species provides an added dimension to vaccines based on FPV or other avipoxviruses. Recombinant FPV will find a useful role in poultry disease control when used in conjunction with conventional vaccines.

Unexpected isolation of virulent Newcastle disease virus from commercial embryonated fowls' eggs.

Abstract: Summary The authors report a case of casual isolation of virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) from embryonated eggs. The virus was isolated from uninfected chicken embryo liver and fibroblast cultures prepared from commercial embryonated fowls' eggs. A serological and virological investigation carried out on the breeders which had laid those eggs showed high titres against NDV, and virus isolation from cloacal swabs. The virus was also isolated from the progeny of the same breeders which showed no clinical signs of ND, following episodes of mortality. Vertical transmission of the virus is discussed.

Comparative Efficacy of the B-1 and VG/GA Vaccine Strains Against Velogenic Viscerotropic Newcastle Disease Virus in Chickens

Abstract: Groups of eight 1-day-old white rock chickens were vaccinated with either B-1 or VG/GA strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) by eyedrop instillation. Some of the chickens were vaccinated a second time at 17 days of age. Eight groups of chickens vaccinated either once or twice were challenged with the California 1083 strain of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus (VVNDV) at 30 days of age by either intramuscular injection or eyedrop instillation. One group of unvaccinated control chickens was challenged by eyedrop instillation. All eight unvaccinated controls, two of the 16 B-1 vaccinates, and none of the 16 VG/GA vaccinates died following challenge. There were no obvious differences in pre-challenge serum antibody levels among the vaccinates. Only the twice-vaccinated chickens that were challenged by eyedrop and the unchallenged vaccinates failed to show a marked rise in serum antibody titers. The VG/GA strain of NDV provided protection against the mortality associated with VVNDV challenge similar to that provided by the B-1 strain within the conditions of this experiment.

A natural outbreak of Newcastle disease in guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris galeata) in Nigeria.

Abstract: Summary: A natural outbreak of Newcastle disease (ND) was reported in a flock of guinea-fowl in Nigeria, affecting 1,029 birds of which 250 (24.3%) died. Paralysis of the legs and wings, coughing, sneezing, white diarrhoea and complete cessation of egg production were observed. Serum samples collected at the onset and during the course of the disease had high ND antibody titres. ND virus was isolated from a pool of brain tissues from diseased guinea-fowl. The ND virus isolate was characterised as a velogenic strain.

Protection Against Hemorrhagic Enteritis and Newcastle Disease in Turkeys by Embryo Vaccination with Monovalent and Bivalent Vaccines

Abstract: SUMMARY. The feasibility of embryo vaccination against Hemorrhagic enteritis (HE) and Newcastle disease (ND) in specific-pathogen-free turkey embryos was studied. Turkey eggs were injected with marble spleen disease virus (MSDV) at embryonation day (ED) 24, and tissues of poults hatching from virus-injected eggs were examined for MSDV. The virus was detected in spleen, intestine, liver, and bursa between 4 to 10 days postinoculation (PI). The peak titer of MSDV was present in the spleen at 6 days PI. Poults hatching from eggs injected with MSDV produced antibodies to the virus and resisted a challenge with virulent hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) at 4 weeks of age. The B1 strain of NDV (NDV-B1) injected in turkey eggs at ED 24 killed the embryos. NDV-B1 modified by treatment with ethylmethane sulfonate (NDV-B1-EMS) was not lethal for turkey embryos. Poults hatching from eggs injected at ED 24 with NDV-B1-EMS developed antibodies to NDV and were protected from challenge exposure with virulent NDV at 4 weeks of age. Poults from eggs inoculated at 24 ED with a bivalent vaccine containing MSDV and NDV-B1-EMS developed antibodies to both viruses and were resistant to challenge with both virulent viruses. The study showed that SPF turkeys may be immunized by in ovo injection of live viral vaccines.

Local Pathological Reactions and Immune Response of Chickens to ISA-70 and Other Adjuvants Containing Newcastle Disease Virus Antigen

Abstract: SUMMARY. Chickens were examined for gross and microscopic changes at the injection site for 16 weeks after an intramuscular injection of the following oil adjuvant emulsions containing inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antigen: ISA-70, Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), and aluminum phosphate gel (APG). The reactions induced by ISA-70 emulsion were characterized by proliferation of macrophages, epithelioid cells, and fibroblasts around the small cysts in the muscle. Infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells also was present. These changes peaked 2 weeks postinjection and were milder than lesions due to the Freund's adjuvants. FCA induced the most severe granulomatous lesions with abscess formation. The reactions to APG were characterized by proliferation and accumulation of macrophages. The serological results revealed that the enhancing effect of ISA-70 on NDV antigen was the same as that of FIA.

Efficacy of Experimental Animal and Vegetable Oil-Emulsion Vaccines for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza

Abstract: Acceptable oil-emulsion vaccines were sought to replace mineral oil-emulsion vaccines that, by regulations, require a 42-day minimum holding period for poultry between injection and slaughter for consumption. Water-in-oil emulsions were prepared using animal or vegetable oils in a ratio of 4 parts oil to 1 part Newcastle disease or avian influenza aqueous antigen. Beeswax particles suspended in the oil at the 5% or 10% level (wt:vol) served as the oil-phase surfactant. Hemagglutination-inhibition titers induced by mineral-oil vaccines were not significantly different from those induced by the most efficacious formulations prepared from animal and vegetable oils. Tissue reaction from injection of animal- and vegetable-oil vaccines was less than that induced by mineral-oil vaccines. An inactivated avian influenza vaccine formulated from peanut oil induced protection against morbidity and death when vaccinated chickens were challenged with a virulent isolate of avian influenza virus.

Newcastle Disease Virus Passage in MDBK Cells as an Aid in Detection of a Virulent Subpopulation

Abstract: SUMMARY. Newcastle disease virus strains (NDV) La Sota, Texas GB (GB), and mixtures of the two strains were serially passaged in embryonated chicken eggs or the MDBK cell line, a more restrictive culture system than eggs for NDV. The two culture systems were compared by evaluating culture harvests for pathogenicity in inoculated chickens; the harvests were identified by hemagglutination-inhibition tests against monoclonal antibodies that can differentiate La Sota and GB cultures. Both viruses, inoculated alone or as mixtures, were propagated by passage in chicken eggs. La Sota strain failed to propagate by continuous passage in MDBK cells, and only GB was identified in culture harvests propagated in MDBK cells that had been inoculated with GB or mixtures of GB and La Sota. The results indicate that the MDBK cell line is a more selective substrate than chicken eggs and suggest that passage in MDBK cells may aid in selecting for more virulent subpopulations of NDV in a mixed culture. Other reference NDV strains, pigeon NDV isolates, and recent lentogenic NDV isolates from chickens were also passaged in MDBK cells; all strains except those that are classified as lentogens like La Sota could be serially propagated in MDBK cells.

An oligonucleotide probe that distinguishes isolates of low virulence from the more pathogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus.

Abstract: SUMMARY. A synthesized oligonucleotide, termed cleavage probe (NDV-CL), has been designed to complement the cleavage-activation site of the fusion gene of the Texas GB isolate of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). This oligonucleotide probe, 21 bases in length, bound with RNA from velogenic strains of NDV tested in a slot-blot hybridization assay. The probe also recognized RNA from the mesogenic strains used in this assay, although no signal was observed with RNA isolated from lentogenic NDVs or with that from other common avian viruses used as controls. This probe did not recognize RNA from isolates of other paramyxovirus serotypes (PMV-2 or PMV-3) included in this study. The ability of this probe to distinguish lentogenic NDVs, which cause little or no clinical disease, from those strains that may produce severe morbidity and/or mortality suggests a potential use for the probe in a molecular diagnostic assay.

Immunohistochemical detection of Newcastle disease virus in chickens.

Abstract: An immunoperoxidase histochemical technique utilizing a monoclonal primary antibody was developed for detection of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antigen in tissues from chickens. The technique was applied to trachea, lung, spleen, Harderian gland, and cecal tonsil harvested from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens at 2, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days postinoculation (PI) with NDV, and to corresponding tissues from commercial broiler chickens representing 30 cases of spontaneous respiratory disease. Positive staining occurred in the cytoplasm of respiratory epithelial cells in the trachea or bronchi of NDV-inoculated SPF chickens at 5 and 7 days PI. Staining also occurred in the respiratory epithelium of the trachea and bronchi of commercial broilers from seven of 30 cases of spontaneous respiratory disease. These results indicate that the immunoperoxidase technique has value as a rapid diagnostic test for Newcastle disease.

Vaccine containing live virus for therapy of viral diseases and malignancies

Abstract: A process for preparing a purified virus vaccine comprises the steps of purifying a fluid containing a virus by centrifugation, ultracentrifuging to pellet the supernatant, purifying the virus by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, rehydration and lyophilization. Desirably, a modified starch, such as hydroxyethyl starch having a molecular weight in the range 100,000-300,000, is added as a protective colloid prior to lyophilization. The virus is selected from the group consisting of avian paramyxovirus, avian herpesvirus, avian rotavirus, avian bronchitis, avian encephalitis, avian bursitis (Gumboro) virus, Marek's disease virus, parvovirus, Newcastle disease virus, human paramyxovirus, human parvovirus, human adenovirus, and mixtures therof. A purified virus vaccine made by the foregoing method is useful for the treatment and control of mammalian disease of viral origin.

A mutant CHO-K1 strain with resistance to Pseudomonas exotoxin A is unable to process the precursor fusion glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus.

Abstract: RPE.40, a mutant strain of CHO-K1 cells isolated for resistance to Pseudomonas exotoxin A and cross-resistant to alphaviruses, is also highly resistant to virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus. The resistance of RPE.40 cells to Newcastle disease virus results from the failure to cleave the viral envelope precursor glycoprotein Fo to fusion glycoprotein F1 at the consensus sequence (Lys/Arg)-Arg-Gln-(Lys/Arg)-Arg.

Pharmaceutical product containing live, stabilized virus for the therapy of viral and malignant diseases and process for preparing the same

Abstract: A process for preparing a purified virus vaccine comprises the steps of purifying a fluid containing a virus by centrifugation, ultracentrifuging to pellet the supernatant, purifying the virus by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, rehydration and lyophilization. Desirably, a modified starch, such as hydroxyethyl starch having a molecular weight in the range 100,000-300,000, is added as a protective colloid prior to lyophilization. The virus is selected from the group consisting of avian paramyxovirus, avian herpesvirus, avian rotavirus, avian bronchitis, avian encephalitis, avian bursiris (Gumboro) virus, Marek's disease virus, parvovirus, Newcastle disease virus, human paramyxovirus, human parvovirus, human adenovirus, and mixtures thereof. A purified virus vaccine made by the foregoing method is useful for the treatment and control of mammalian disease of viral origin.

Oral vaccination of chickens with the V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus. Cooked and raw white rice as a vehicle.

Abstract: Uncooked white rice and cooked white rice were tested as vehicles for the V4 strain of oral Newcastle disease vaccine. The results of feeding experiments were evaluated by the measurement of haemagglutination inhibition antibodies against Newcastle disease virus. Little of the virus applied to uncooked white rice could be recovered, even immediately after mixing, whereas when the virus was applied to cooked white rice most of it could be recovered. In 4 separate experiments, chickens failed to respond serologically to vaccine supplied on uncooked white rice. In all of 4 experiments with cooked white rice, there were serological responses in vaccinated chickens, from 45% to 100% of the chickens developing titres sufficiently high to indicate protection against challenge with virulent virus. Development of haemagglutination inhibition antibodies in some control chickens indicated the ability of the vaccine virus for lateral spread or persistence in the environment.

Embryonal vaccine against Newcastle disease

Abstract: Embryonal vaccination of fowl against Newcastle disease is accomplished with ethyl methane sulfonate modified NDV-B1 virus

Detection of antibodies against Newcastle disease virus in wild birds

Abstract: 262 samples from wild birds of 26 species were examined for antibodies against the Newcastle Disease virus (NDV). By using the haemagglutination inhibition test (HI) 22 serum samples showing positive antibody titers could be detected. The epidemiology and the significance of ND for wild birds and waterfowl in farms is discussed.

[Serologic monitoring of pullet and laying hen flocks in Switzerland: results from the years 1990 and 1991].

Abstract: In 1990 and 1991 4522 blood samples from 398 pullet flocks and 1338 blood samples from 128 laying flocks were monitored for antibody against infectious bronchitis virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, adenovirus, reovirus, infectious bursal disease virus, Newcastle disease virus, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae. The results are discussed for pullets and laying hens.

Vaccine containing live virus

Abstract: A process for preparing a purified virus vaccine comprises the steps of purifying a fluid containing a virus by centrifugation, ultracentrifuging to pellet the supernatant, purifying the virus by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, rehydration and lyophilization. Desirably, a modified starch, such as hydroxyethyl starch having a molecular weight in the range 100,000-300,000, is added as a protective colloid prior to lyophilization. The virus is selected from the group consisting of avian paramyxovirus, avian herpesvirus, avian rotavirus, avian bronchitis, avian encephalitis, avian bursitis (Gumboro) virus, Marek's disease virus, parvovirus, Newcastle disease virus, human paramyxovirus, human parvovirus, human adenovirus, and mixtures therof. A purified virus vaccine made by the foregoing method is useful for the treatment and control of mammalian disease of viral origin.