Showing papers on "Newcastle disease published in 1997"
••
TL;DR: It is concluded that the RT-PCR described can be used to confirm diagnosis of Newcastle disease within 24 h using RNA isolated directly from tissue homogenate by using the reverse transcrip-tase-polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR).
Abstract: Fast diagnosis of Newcastle disease is a prerequisite for confining outbreaks. Diagnosis implies the differentation of virulent and non-virulent Newcastle disease viruses (NDV). However, conventional methods, i.e. isolation of the virus and determination of the intracerebal pathogenicity index, take at least 5 days. Therefore, we investigated whether diagnosis can be performed by using the reverse transcrip-tase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on RNA isolated directly from tissue homogenate. Two oligonucleotide primers, representing the sequence at the cleavage site of the F protein of either virulent or non-virulent NDV strains, respectively, were used to differentiate NDV. Using the RT-PCR we were able to differentiate 15 NDV reference strains, 11 of which were virulent and 14 non-virulent. The RT-PCR was further validated by using homogenate of brain, trachea, lung and spleen from 12 chicken flocks and one turkey flock suspected of Newcastle disease. The RT-PCR detected virulent NDV in samples of seven flocks and non-virulent NDV in two out of three flocks in agreement with conventional methods. However the RT-PCR failed to detect virus in 1/3 flocks from which non-virulent virus was isolated. The results are discussed. We conclude that the RT-PCR described can be used to confirm diagnosis of Newcastle disease within 24 h using RNA isolated directly from tissue homogenate.
123 citations
••
TL;DR: Cluster analysis of the mAb binding patterns did not produce concise, discrete groupings, but did emphasise some relationships between virus properties and antigenicity, especially for viruses causing discrete epizootics.
Abstract: Summary Newcastle disease (ND) virus (APMV‐1) isolates submitted to the International Reference Laboratory for ND were characterised antigenically by their ability to cause binding of mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to cell cultures infected with the isolate. Since the availability of the mAbs 1526 viruses have been examined using a panel of nine mAbs and 818 with an extended panel of 26 mAbs. Using the nine mAb panel a total of 14 different patterns was seen and viruses grouped by the same pattern showed relationships with each other which were either biological, temporal or geographical or more than one of these. There was a marked tendency of viruses placed in the same group to show similar virulence for chickens. Extension of the panel to 26 mAbs produced 39 distinct patterns, although some of these were seen with only a single virus. Again, viruses inducing similar binding patterns shared similar properties and some binding patterns were specific for viruses causing discrete epizootics. Cluster an...
122 citations
••
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that acceptable hatchability, seroconversion rates, and protective immunity can be attained with in ovo inoculation of ND or AI OE vaccines if the vaccines are prepared with sufficient antigen and administered properly.
Abstract: Inactivated oil-emulsion (OE) Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI) vaccines were injected into 18-day-old white rock (WR) and white leghorn (WL) chicken embryos to evaluate their immunologic efficacy and their effects on hatchability. Embryonating eggs were inoculated at 1.5 inches depth with various vaccine volumes and antigen concentrations. Serum hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers were first detected in chickens at 2 wk posthatch. Protection against morbidity and mortality was demonstrated in all of 10 chickens vaccinated as embryos and challenged with viscerotropic velogenic ND virus at 53 days of age and also in all of eight in ovo- vaccinated chickens challenged with highly pathogenic AI virus at 34 days of age. All of five unvaccinated control chickens for each respective ND- and AI-vaccinated group died. In pooled groups from successive hatches, the hatchability of WR or WL embryos injected with 100 microliters of vaccine was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from unvaccinated hatchmate controls when needle gauges of 22, 20, and 18 were used. Seroconversion rates of chickens vaccinated as embryos ranged from 27% to 100% with ND vaccination and 85% to 100% for AI vaccination. For ND, geometric mean HI titers of chickens per vaccine group ranged from 11 to 733, and in pooled groups, the range was 49 to 531. Titers for AI vaccine groups ranged from 156 to 1178. This study demonstrated that acceptable hatchability, seroconversion rates, and protective immunity can be attained with in ovo inoculation of ND or AI OE vaccines if the vaccines are prepared with sufficient antigen and administered properly.
62 citations
••
TL;DR: CD8+ cells expanded more than CD4+ cells after the vaccination of untreated and CsA-treated birds indicating that CD8+, but not B cells, may be key players in vaccinal immunity to NDV.
52 citations
•
16 Jul 1997
TL;DR: An avian vaccine formula including at least three polynucleotide vaccine valencies that each include a plasmid containing an avian pathogen valency gene capable of being expressed in vivo in host cells is presented in this paper.
Abstract: An avian vaccine formula including at least three polynucleotide vaccine valencies that each include a plasmid containing an avian pathogen valency gene capable of being expressed in vivo in host cells. Said valencies are selected from the group which consists of Marek's disease virus, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus and infectious anaemia virus. The plasmids include one or more genes per valency, and said genes are selected from the group which consists of gB and gD for Marek's disease virus, HN and F for Newcastle disease virus, VP2 for infectious bursal disease virus, S, M and N for infectious bronchitis virus and C + NS1 for infectious anaemia virus.
51 citations
••
TL;DR: The growth and biological characteristics of isolates of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale from commercial broiler chickens in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S.A. appear to be identical to those previously reported in the literature, and the diagnostic cases included in this report were often associated with known respiratory pathogens.
Abstract: The growth and biological characteristics of isolates of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) from commercial broiler chickens in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA appear to be identical to those previously reported in the literature The clinical disease and lesions are also similar to those reported from other poultry growing regions including South Africa and Europe The diagnostic cases included in this report were often associated with known respiratory pathogens, namely, lentogenic Newcastle disease virus, and infectious bronchitis virus, and Escherichia coli bacteria The role of ORT in the disease cases presented in this report is unclear
42 citations
••
TL;DR: The results suggest that the 1995 outbreak of Newcastle disease (ND) in Taiwan may have been caused by multiple strains of velogenic NDV that have cocirculated in Taiwan for some time.
Abstract: SUMMARY. Portions of the hemagglutinin neuraminidase (HN) gene of Newcaste disease virus (NDV) isolates from two recent outbreaks were sequenced to investigate epidemiology of this disease in Taiwan. These NDV isolates were all viscerotropic velogenic according to the clinical lesions produced in chickens. Sequence data were obtained from 14 NDV isolates (12 from 1995 and 2 from 1984). All isolates differed in their nucleotide sequences (from 0.3 to 15.3%), and represented potentially different strains of NDV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates are closely related to viruses isolated from Japan and Malaysia. Some viruses isolated in 1995 appeared to evolve from viruses isolated in 1984. The results suggest that the 1995 outbreak of Newcastle disease (ND) in Taiwan may have been caused by multiple strains of velogenic NDV that have cocirculated in Taiwan for some time. Moreover, NDV isolates from racing pigeons were very similar to isolates from chickens in the same period, suggesting that both domestic and free-living birds were involved in the spread of ND in Taiwan.
30 citations
••
TL;DR: Several of the modified live virus vaccines containing IBV, either alone or in combination with NDV, interfere with the ability of the GH/HALT to respond to antigenic stimulation.
Abstract: SUMMARY. Ten Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and 10 NDV and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) combination vaccines (NDV/IBV) were evaluated for their effect on the headassociated lymphoid tissue (HALT) of 2-wk-old chicks. After vaccination, the chicks were subjected to an in vivo assay that measures the ability of the gland of Harder (GH) to respond to killed Brucella abortus antigen given in the eye by titering B. abortus antibodies in the tears. Following this, several sites in the HALT and trachea were examined histologically and scored for microscopic changes. The results indicated that three of the NDV/IBV combination vaccines (one B1/MassC however, no changes in the GH were observed that could explain microscopically the GH depression. With the IBV-only vaccines reported earlier (16), and the NDV-only and NDV/IBV combination vaccines reported here, a total of 36 vaccines have been evaluated using the same testing protocol. The conclusions of these combined studies suggest that several of the modified live virus vaccines containing IBV, either alone or in combination with NDV, interfere with the ability of the GH/HALT to respond to antigenic stimulation.
14 citations
••
TL;DR: Four viruses from chickens and five from pigeons were isolated from these outbreaks, and identified as Newcastle disease viruses (NDV), characterized as velogenic strains based on their mean death time in eggs, ability to form plaques in tissue culture and, for some isolates, intracerebral pathogenicity index and intravenous pathogenicicity index tests.
Abstract: Summary Between December 1992 and April 1993, Newcastle disease (ND) outbreaks occurred in a broiler flock, a layer flock, in village chickens of two prefectures and in five pigeon lofts in the South Marmara Region of Turkey. Four viruses from chickens and five from pigeons were isolated from these outbreaks, and identified as Newcastle disease viruses (NDV). All were characterized as velogenic strains based on their mean death time in eggs, ability to form plaques in tissue culture and, for some isolates, intracerebral pathogenicity index and intravenous pathogenicity index tests. Monoclonal antibody typing showed that eight of the nine isolates were indistinguishable from each other.
13 citations
•
TL;DR: It is suggested that it would be extremely unlikely that the international trade in ostrich meat could act as a mechanism for spreading virulent NDV from endemic to non-endemic parts of the world.
Abstract: VERWOERD, D.J ., GERDES, G.H ., OLIVIER, A & WILLIAMS, R. 1997. Experimental infection of vaccinated slaughter ostriches with virulent Newcastle disease virus. Onderstepoort Journal of Vet erinary Research, 64:213-216 A virulent Newcastle disease virus (NOV) isolate from an outbreak in commercial poultry, with viru lence indices of MDT= 47-48 h; IV PI= 2,17 and ICPI = 1 ,8 ; was used to inoculate 1 Ox vaccinated (standard poultry vaccines) as well as 1 Ox unvaccinated slaughter ostriches via intratracheal, ocu lar and nasal routes, in a controlled environment. All unvaccinated ostriches developed clinical signs (mainly respiratory); two of them died while the other eight recovered. No vaccinated ostriches de veloped any clinical signs. All remaining (18) ostriches were slaughtered 14 d after the last mortal ity. Virulent NOV could be re-isolated from the dead birds , but not from organs, muscle (fresh) , mus cle (24 h chilled) , gastro-instestinal tract, bone-marrow or respiratory system taken from the slaughtered ostriches. It is suggested that it would be extremely unlikely that the international trade in ostrich meat could act as a mechanism for spreading virulent NOV from endemic to non-endemic parts of the world .
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: The clinical signs, postmortem lesions, and serological tests confirmed that the cause of the fatal outbreak was H7 type avian influenza virus.
Abstract: The causative agent of an outbreak causing exceptionally high mortality (total birds died so far approximately 0.6 millions) in breeders, layers and broilers in suburb areas of Islamabad, was isolated. The samples prepared from each of the morbid sample of trachea, lung, head, spleen and liver, of the infected birds were inoculated in allantoic cavity of embryonated hen eggs. Each sample induced the embryonic death within 36 hours post-inoculation. The allantoic-amniotic fluid (AAF) from the chilled eggs haemagglutinated red blood cells (RBC) of chicken, sheep, rabbit, guinea pig, cow, parrot, pigeon, quail and sparrow. The haemagglutination (HA) of chicken RBC was not inhibited with antibodies of infectious bronchitis or Newcastle disease viruses. However, the HA was inhibited with convalescent sera from recovered birds. The clinical signs, postmortem lesions, and serological tests confirmed that the cause of the fatal outbreak was H7 type avian influenza virus.
••
TL;DR: Avian paramyxoviruses have occasionally caused Newcastle disease and influenza outbreaks in commercial poultry farms throughout the world and in New Zealand, however, similar outbreaks have not been reported from New Zealand.
Abstract: Extract Abstract Avian paramyxoviruses (PMV) and influenza viruses have been readily isolated from free-living birds throughout the world(1) (2) and, in New Zealand, both these viruses have been isolated from wild waterfowls, particularly ducks(3) (4). It is widely known that free-living birds could harbour PMV and influenza viruses and could act as natural reservoirs of these viruses. They have occasionally caused Newcastle disease (PMV-1) and influenza outbreaks in commercial poultry farms throughout the world(5) (6) (7) (8). However, similar outbreaks have not been reported from New Zealand.
••
01 Jan 1997TL;DR: Infections with avian influenza A viruses and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are considered together here because of the similarities between the two diseases.
Abstract: Infections with avian influenza A viruses and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are considered together here because of the similarities between the two diseases. Both viruses occur commonly in wild waterfowl; are hemagglutinating and are isolated by the same techniques, so that isolants must be differentiated; have a broad avian host range and are important pathogens of domestic poultry; and occur in a continuum from inapparent infection to acute fatal disease.
•
16 Dec 1997
TL;DR: A vaccine for in ovo vaccination of poultry against Newcastle Disease Infections is described in this paper, which contains Newcastle Disease Viruses of the strain with the internal indication NDW, deposited at CNCM (Institut Pasteur) under number I-781.
Abstract: The present invention is concerned with a vaccine for in ovo vaccination of poultry against Newcastle Disease Infections. This vaccine contains Newcastle Disease Viruses of the strain with the internal indication NDW, deposited at CNCM (Institut Pasteur) under number I-781.
•
••
TL;DR: It is indicated that mouse genotype appears to be a major determinant of the subtype response pattern seen and tissue specific pattern differences are present within a given mouse genotypes.
•
••
TL;DR: Poultry products contaminated with pathogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus are a source of virus transmission to susceptible poultry flocks and feathers, bones, blood and offal present potential risks if they are incorporated in poultry feed.
Abstract: Poultry products contaminated with pathogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus are a source of virus transmission to susceptible poultry flocks. The probability of contamination varies according to the type of product. Research conducted by various laboratories in Europe has shown that pathogenic virus can be isolated from the carcasses of chickens, whether vaccinated or not, during a brief period after experimental infection. Eggs laid by hens infected with Newcastle disease virus present a very low risk. Furthermore, feathers, bones, blood and offal present potential risks if they are incorporated in poultry feed. Finally, poultry droppings used as a fertiliser can present a major risk of infection in certain circumstances.
•
•
TL;DR: Serological response and challenge test results of the chicks vaccinated with BHK 21 -adapted vaccine showed encouraging results and Lasota strain of Newcastle disease virus showed reduced virus infectivity.
Abstract: Lasota strain of Newcastle disease virus was successfully adapted to BHK 21 cell-culture. BHK 21 cell-culture adapted virus showed reduced virus infectivity. MDT and HA with chicken and equine RBC and elevated ICPI when compared with Lasota virus of chick embryo origin. Thermostability of the virus was unaffected. Serological response and challenge test results of the chicks vaccinated with BHK 21 -adapted vaccine showed encouraging results.
•
25 Jun 1997
TL;DR: The living recombinant avian vaccine as mentioned in this paper comprises, as a vector, an ILTV virus comprising and expressing at least one heterologous nucleotide sequence, this nucleotide sequences being inserted in the insertion locus defined between the nucleotides 1624 and 3606 at the SEQ ID NO: 5.
Abstract: The living recombinant avian vaccine comprises, as a vector, an ILTV virus comprising and expressing at least one heterologous nucleotide sequence, this nucleotide sequence being inserted in the insertion locus defined between the nucleotides 1624 and 3606 at the SEQ ID NO: 5. The vaccine may in particular comprise a sequence coding for an antigen of an avian pathogenic agent selected among the group consisting of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the infections bursal virus (IBDV), the Marek disease virus (MDV), the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the chicken anaemia virus (CAV), the chicken pneumovirosis virus, preferably under the control of a strong eukariotic promoter. A multivalent vaccine formula is also disclosed.
•
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: Viral infections transmitted by food of animal origin: the present situation in the European Unio and strategies to avoid virus transmissions by biopharmaceutic products.
Abstract: Cowpox: a re-evaluation of the risks of human cowpox based on new epidemiological information.- Characterization of a cowpox-like orthopox virus which had caused a lethal infection in man.- Molecular genetic analyses of parapoxviruses pathogenic for humans.- Recent advances in molluscum contagiosum virus research.- Molecular anatomy of lymphocystis disease virus.- Detection of virus or virus specific nucleic acid in foodstuff or bioproducts - hazards and risk assessment.- Rapid molecular detection of microbial pathogens: breakthroughs and challenges.- Where do we stand with oral vaccination of foxes against rabies in Europe?.- Foot-and-mouth disease as zoonosis.- Molecular epidemiology of influenza.- Influenza virus: transmission between species and relevance to emergence of the next human pandemic.- Functional chimeric HN glycoproteins derived from Newcastle disease virus and human parainfluenza virus-3.- Viral factors determining rotavirus pathogenicity.- Viral zoonoses and food of animal origin: caliciviruses and human disease.- The role of human caliciviruses in epidemic gastroenteritis.- Clinical similarities and close genetic relationship of human and animal Borna disease virus.- Molecular characterization of Borna disease virus from naturally infected animals and possible links to human disorders.- Haemorrhagic fevers and ecological perturbations.- Transmission, species specificity, and pathogenicity of Aujeszky's disease virus.- The role of veterinary public health in the prevention of zoonoses.- Viral infections transmitted by food of animal origin: the present situation in the European Unio.- Viral zoonosis from the viewpoint of their epidemiological surveillance: tick-borne encephalitis as a model.- Strategies to avoid virus transmissions by biopharmaceutic products.
•
•
•
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: The main viral infections in feral birds are reviewed and a perfect model of avian herpesvirus infections and is described as a model, and susceptibility of wild birds to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is discussed.
Abstract: Most viruses which can infect wild birds have a tropism for the respiratory tract. Therefore, respiratory diseases are a major, if not the most important, problem in feral bird pathology, due to the morphology of birds' respiratory systems and to the large variety of viral and bacterial agents involved. After a description of the morphology of the avian respiratory system that is markedly different from other vertebrates, the main viral infections in feral birds are reviewed in this report. 1. Herpesvirus infections have been described in several species of domestic and wild birds. Some of the isolated viruses are antigenically related. Pigeon herpesvirus infection is a perfect model of avian herpesvirus infections and is described as a model. 2. Susceptibility of wild birds to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is discussed. Newcastle disease is a polymorphic disease, which may appear as a non-apparent infection or as a severe disease associated with respiratory, digestive and/or nervous clinical signs. An enzootic condition in numerous countries, Newcastle disease is also responsible for deadly epizootics or even panzootics. Current literature indicates that natural or experimental NDV infection has been demonstrated in at least 236 species of birds belonging to 27 out of 50 orders. Clinical signs and gross lesions in Newcastle disease are described. 3. Diseases associated with avian poxvirus infections in feral birds are reviewed (modes of transmission, clinical signs, susceptibility of wild birds).
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: Neurotropic velogenic Newcastle disease (NVND) occurred in juvenile double-crested cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus, simultaneously in nesting colonies in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska and in Lakes Michigan, Superior, Huron, and Ontario during the summer of 1992 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Neurotropic velogenic Newcastle disease (NVND) occurred in juvenile double-crested cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus, simultaneously in nesting colonies in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska and in Lakes Michigan, Superior, Huron, and Ontario during the summer of 1992. Mortality as high as 80%-90% was estimated in some of the nesting colonies. Clinical signs observed in 4- to 6-wk-old cormorants included torticollis, tremors, ataxia, curled toes, and paresis or weakness of legs, wings or both, which was sometimes unilateral. No significant mortality or unusual clinical signs were seen in adult cormorants. Necropsy of 88 cormorants yielded no consistent gross observations. Microscopic lesions in the brain and spinal cord were consistently present in all cormorants from which Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was isolated. Characteristic brain lesions provided rapid identification of new suspect sites of NVND. Lesions were also present in the heart, kidney, proventriculus, spleen, and pancreas but were less consistent or nonspecific. NDV was isolated at the National Wildlife Health Center from 27 of 93 cormorants tested. Virus was most frequently isolated from intestine or brain tissue of cormorants submitted within the first 4 wk of the epornitic. Sera collected from cormorants with neurologic signs were consistently positive for NDV antibody. The NDV isolate from cormorants was characterized as NVND virus at the National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa. The NVND virus was also identified as the cause of neurologic disease in a North Dakota turkey flock during the summer of 1992. Although no virus was isolated from cormorants tested after the first month of submission, brain and spinal cord lesions characteristic of NVND were observed in cormorants from affected sites for 2 mo, at which time nesting colonies dispersed and no more submissions were received. Risk to susceptible populations of both wild avian species and domestic poultry makes early recognition and confirmation of NVND in wild birds a priority.
•
16 Jul 1997TL;DR: The multivalent polynucleotide vaccine for birds comprises >= 3 valencies (i.e. it provides protection against >= 3 avian pathogens), each valency consisting of a plasmid able to express in host cells in vivo >= 1 of the specified antigen genes from one of the following pathogens: (a) Marek's disease virus gB and gD genes; (b) Newcastle Disease virus HN and F genes;(c) Gumboro disease virus VP2 gene, and (d) avian infectious anaemia virus C + NS1 genes
Abstract: Multivalent polynucleotide vaccine for birds comprises >= 3 valencies (i.e. it provides protection against >= 3 avian pathogens), each valency consisting of a plasmid able to express in host cells in vivo >= 1 of the specified antigen genes from one of the following pathogens: (a) Marek's disease virus gB and gD genes; (b) Newcastle Disease virus HN and F genes; (c) Gumboro's disease virus VP2 gene, and (d) avian infectious anaemia virus C + NS1 genes.