Showing papers on "Newcastle disease published in 2005"
TL;DR: The results indicated that both the live and inactivated vaccines protected against morbidity and mortality and significantly reduced the incidence and viral titers shed from chickens in comparison with sham controls, but did not prevent infection and virus shedding.
236 citations
TL;DR: All mice receiving transgenic plant extracts in incomplete Freund adjuvant produced specific anti-NDV antibodies, and Animals fed with transgenic leaves showed a specific response against NDV.
69 citations
TL;DR: The results suggested that more than two injections with both F and HN encoding plasmid DNA were required to induce higher level of antibodies for protection against velogenic NDV in chickens.
51 citations
TL;DR: RHis-ChIL-18, when delivered in the proper context, is a novel and safe immunostimulator in chickens and significantly enhanced antibody responses to Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxoid and Newcastle disease virus antigens.
46 citations
TL;DR: It appears that simultaneous vaccination of chicks with live APV and NDV vaccines causes temporary suppression of APV vaccine proliferation and reduces humoral antibody responses to it, although the antibody response to NDV is enhanced.
Abstract: One-day-old specific pathogen free White Leghorn chicks were vaccinated with live avian pneumovirus (APV) vaccine, live Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine or both. At intervals up to 28 days after vaccination, distribution of the virus in the tissues was studied, together with humoral and mucosal antibody responses in lachrymal fluid and tracheal washes. APV vaccine was detected for almost twice as long in the dual vaccinates as in the single vaccinates. Higher numbers of isolations of ND virus vaccine were obtained from the dual rather than the single vaccinates at 7 days post-vaccination but the reverse occurred at 14 days. APV serum antibodies were significantly lower in the dual rather than the single vaccinates. However, there were similar levels of local APV-specific IgA in the lachrymal fluids of both single and dual APV vaccinates. NDV serum antibody titres in the dual vaccinates were significantly higher than in the singly NDV-vaccinated chickens. It appears that simultaneous vaccination of chicks with live APV and NDV vaccines causes temporary suppression of APV vaccine proliferation and reduces humoral antibody responses to it, although the antibody response to NDV is enhanced.
40 citations
TL;DR: Surprisingly, Newcastle disease was more common in the vaccinated birds rather than the unvaccinated birds and was more prevalent in Fayoumi birds compared with Sonali.
Abstract: A 17-month (from January 2002 to May 2003) longitudinal study was undertaken to elucidate the epidemiology of important endemic and epidemic diseases affecting semi-scavenging chickens reared in the Participatory Livestock Development Project area in Bangladesh. This project was implemented in 17 northern and north-central districts of Bangladesh, under which 361 839 rural poor people were assisted to undertake poultry-rearing activity as a tool of poverty reduction. Of the total beneficiaries 93% were "key rearers". A key rearer is defined as a beneficiary who generally rears 10 to 13 hens in a semi-scavenging system with little additional feed supply. Households of 650 key rearers and some chick rearers were observed. During the study period 1227 birds, which belonged to different age, breed and sex categories, were found dead as a result of disease occurrence. From every dead bird organ samples such as the liver, heart, spleen, brain lung, trachea and bursa of Fabricius were collected. The incidence rate of mortality was 0.01976 per bird-months at risk. Of the total deaths 58.44% had single or mixed type of infections. Newcastle disease had the highest proportional mortality rate (15.81%). The proportional mortality caused by fowlpox, fowl cholera, salmonellosis, colibacillosis, aspergillosis, infectious bursal disease, mixed infections and undiagnosed cases were 8.96%, 6.76%, 7.09%, 6.93%, 0.33%, 2.04%, 10.51% and 41.56%, respectively. Newcastle disease affected a significant higher proportion (18.81%) of birds older than 60 days of age (P=0.00). Younger birds (age < or = 60 days) had a higher proportional mortality due to fowlpox and infectious bursal disease than older birds (P=0.00). Sonali (male Rhode Island Red x female Fayoumi) birds reared under the semi-scavenging system had a higher infection rate with Newcastle disease virus compared with indigenous and Fayoumi birds (P=0.00). Fowlpox was more prevalent in Fayoumi birds compared with Sonali. Surprisingly, Newcastle disease was more common in the vaccinated birds rather than the unvaccinated birds.
39 citations
TL;DR: Aflatoxin was found to be a more potent immunosuppressant than IBDV and aflatoxin exerted its maximum effects during primary antibody response in the second and third weeks post vaccination.
Abstract: To investigate the immunosuppressive effects of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and aflatoxin in indigenous chickens of Uganda, Newcastle disease (ND) seronegative chicks were randomly allocated to two treatment groups. Group A chicks were injected intramuscularly at the age of 3 weeks every 2 days up to four times with 0.250 mg aflatoxin B1 per bird, group B was infected occulo-nasally with IBDV 3 days prior to vaccination, while group C was left as a control group. All the chicks from the three groups were then vaccinated with Hitchner B1 vaccine at 21 days of age followed by a secondary vaccination with La Sota vaccine 3 weeks later. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were assessed by measuring antibody levels and delayed hypersensitivity reaction post vaccination. Growth performance in the three groups was assessed by weekly body weights while evidence of excretion of vaccinal ND virus was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in...
37 citations
TL;DR: The likelihood of wild bird involvement in virus spread from poultry products could increase if a susceptible species with gregarious habits leading to high population densities, were to frequent both poultry product waste disposal sites and commercial poultry premises.
Abstract: It appears possible for free-flying native or feral wild birds to be responsible for direct or indirect spread of infectious agents from contaminated poultry product wastes to susceptible commercia...
36 citations
TL;DR: Comparative analyses show that a majority of genes that were transcriptionally regulated during infection with another common respiratory pathogen of poultry, the avian pneumovirus, remained unaltered during NDV infection, suggesting that even phylogenetically related viruses elicit unique or "signature" patterns of host transcriptional profiles during infection of host cells.
36 citations
TL;DR: During the first 11 months of the 2002–2003 exotic Newcastle disease (END) epidemic in chickens in southern California, premises with positive other avian species were significantly more likely to have chickens, and were significantlyMore likely toHave positive chickens (OR = 3.7, P < 0.0001).
Abstract: During the first 11 months of the 2002-2003 exotic Newcastle disease (END) epidemic in chickens in southern California, a total of 27,688 cloacal and tracheal (oropharyngeal) swab pools and/or tissue pools from 86 different avian species other than chickens and turkeys were submitted for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolation and characterization. Fifty-seven specimens (0.23%), representing 12 species of birds and 13 unspecified species, from a total of 24,409 accessions or submissions were positive for NDV. The NDV isolate was characterized as ENDV by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Of the 11,486 premises with other avian species, 1599 also had chickens. There were 1900 positive chicken samples from 164 premises, and 56 positive other avian species from 51 premises. Twelve premises had both positive chickens and positive other avian species. All positive other avian species were located on premises either on or within a 1 km radius of known infected premises. In this epidemic, premises with positive other avian species were significantly more likely to have chickens, and were significantly more likely to have positive chickens (OR = 3.7, P < 0.0001).
34 citations
TL;DR: The results presented here highlight the importance of maintaining strict biosecurity measures and vaccination programs in poultry industries in Argentina in order to preserve the virulent NDV-free status for commercial flocks in the country.
Abstract: Wild waterfowl is considered a natural reservoir of potentially infectious agents and a source of pathogenic viruses like avian paramyxoviruses type 1 (APMV 1). In 1997, commercial poultry in Argentina had reached the status of being free from virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infections. Vaccination and biosecurity measures are actively performed to maintain this preferential sanitary condition. However, the risk of reintroduction of pathogenic viruses is always present. In this context, we conducted a study to describe the status of wild healthy birds in a geographic region relevant for the poultry industry. The presence of anti-NDV antibodies was determined in different species in all areas sampled suggesting previous contact with NDV. Seven ND viruses were isolated and characterized as apathogenic strains by biological and molecular methods. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of the Argentinian isolates form a subgroup related to viruses of genotype II. The results presented here highlight the importance of maintaining strict biosecurity measures and vaccination programs in poultry industries in order to preserve the virulent NDV-free status for commercial flocks in the country.
TL;DR: Although the FimH156 induced a strong immune response, it was unable to protect chickens against APEC.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate whether vaccination with the sugar-binding domain of FimH (FimH156) was able to protect chickens against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). FimH156 was expressed and purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Binding of FimH156 to mannosylated bovine serum albumin demonstrated that the protein retained its biological activity. Moreover, anti-FimH156 antisera were able to inhibit in vitro binding of E. coli to mannosylated bovine serum albumin. In a first vaccination experiment, FimH156 was administered intramuscularly as a water-in-oil emulsion to specific pathogen free broiler chicks. A predisposing infection with the Newcastle disease virus strain Lasota was administered 3 weeks later, followed 3 days later by an aerosol challenge with the virulent APEC strain CH2. A good anti-FimH156 immunoglobulin (Ig)G immune response was detected in serum, but no protective effects of FimH156 against APEC were seen. In a second experiment, SPF chicks were vaccinated intramuscularly or intranasally with FimH156. Booster vaccinations were administered 20 days later. While the intramuscular immunization yielded a strong IgG response in the serum and trachea, no significant IgA response could be detected in tracheal washes. Intranasal immunization did not yield a significant IgG or IgA response in serum and trachea. No protective effects of the FimH156 could be detected, confirming the results of the first experiment. Thus, although the FimH156 induced a strong immune response, it was unable to protect chickens against APEC.
TL;DR: The diagnostic strip has high specificity for detection of chicken IBDV antigen and recognizes a variety of the virus isolates, including virulent and attenuated strains, with no cross-reactivity to other viruses.
Abstract: A rapid diagnostic strip for chicken infectious bursal disease (IBD) was developed based on membrane chromatography using high-affinity monoclonal antibodies directed to chicken infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). The diagnostic strip has high specificity for detection of chicken IBDV antigen and recognizes a variety of the virus isolates, including virulent and attenuated strains, with no cross-reactivity to other viruses, such as Newcastle disease virus, Marek's disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, and egg-drop-syndrome virus. The results showed that its specificity was highly consistent with the agar-gel precipitation test (AGP). The diagnostic strip detected as low as 800 median egg lethal dose (ELD50) viruses in the IBDV BC6/85-infected sample, which was comparable with AC-ELISA (400 ELD50) and 32 times more sensitive than the AGP test (2.56 × 104 ELD50). In experimental infection, IBDV was detected in the bursa as early as 36 hr postinfection w...
TL;DR: A duplex RT-PCR is described capable of sorting out any NDV and Influenza A virus strain simultaneously in oral and cloacal swab specimens and will contribute to broaden the sample spectrum from wild birds, leading to a better understanding of these viruses and their participation in the southeastern region of the country.
TL;DR: The results of the present study indicated that RT-PCR followed by nested PCR can be used to detect NDV directly from tissue samples in poultry.
Abstract: A total of 30 field samples (27 tissue samples comprising of either trachea, lungs or brain; and 3 allantoic fluid samples) were collected from broiler chickens for detection of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) by RT-PCR. In addition, vaccine strains (F, LaSota, R B) were taken as positive control and trachea 2 from unvaccinated healthy bird as negative control. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was detected in five field samples as well as in all the vaccine strains by RT-PCR. All these samples as well as vaccine strains yielded a band of 356 bp on amplification of F region of NDV. Three more field samples yielded a band of 216 bp with nested PCR, thus making total eight field samples positive for NDV. The results of the present study indicated that RT-PCR followed by nested PCR can be used to detect NDV directly from tissue samples in poultry.
TL;DR: Outbreaks of exotic Newcastle disease (END) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) in the United States forced the euthanasia of millions of birds during 2002 and 2003.
Abstract: Outbreaks of exotic Newcastle disease (END) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) in the United States forced the euthanasia of millions of birds during 2002 and 2003. Both diseases are caused by viral pathogens that can infect most species of birds. The viruses are highly contagious and infectious and may cause no clinical signs or clinical signs of mild (clinical signs associated with the respiratory system for LPAI and those associated with the respiratory, nervous, and digestive systems for END) to severe disease with high mortality rate. The severity of disease depends on multiple variables, including the strain of the virus, the species affected, host factors, and environmental stressors. The viruses spread to susceptible avian hosts primarily through direct contact with infected birds but also through indirect contact with contaminated equipment and materials. Feces and secretions from the eyes, nose, and mouth of infected birds contain the viruses. The LPAI outbreak in March 2002 was first detected in commercial poultry flocks in the Shenandoah Valley region of Virginia. 1 In October 2002, END was initially detected in small, backyard poultry flocks in California. 2
TL;DR: Two hundred thirty specimens of wild birds were collected from some areas in Heilongjiang Province during the period of 2003-2004, including two batches of specimens collected randomly from a same flock of mallards in Zhalong Natural Reserve in August and December, 2004, respectively, showing positive results for avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV).
Abstract: Two hundred thirty specimens of wild birds were collected from some areas in Heilongjiang Province during the period of 2003-2004, including two batches of specimens collected randomly from a same flock of mallards in Zhalong Natural Reserve in August and December, 2004, respectively. Primary virus isolation and identification for avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were performed. The results showed that only two specimens of young mallards collected from Zhalong Natural Reserve in August, 2004 were positive to AIV (isolation rate 0.9%), and one strain (D57) of these two virus isolates was identified to be H9 subtype by hemagglutination inhibition test. Meanwhile, the two batches of blood serum samples of mallards from Zhalong were also examined for antibodies against AIV and NDV. Among 38 blood serum samples collected in August, antibodies against the hemagglutinin of H1, H3, H5, H6 and H9 subtypes of AIV were found in 1, 0, 2, 0 and 8 samples, respectively; and 11 samples were found with antibody against NDV. Whereas the NDV isolation in both two batches of specimens of mallard was negative, all of the 32 blood serum samples collected in December were negative for antibodies against AIV and NDV.
TL;DR: Phylogenetic analysis showed that all newly characterized NDV strains belonged to the genetic group designated as VIIb, and all strains possessed a virulent fusion cleavage site belonging to velogenic or mesogenic pathotypes with intracerebral pathogenicity indexes (ICPI).
Abstract: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infects domesticated and wild birds throughout the world and has the possibility to cause outbreaks in chicken flocks in future. To assess the evolutionary characteristics of 10 NDV strains isolated from chickens in Kazakhstan during 1998 we investigated the phylogenetic relationships among these viruses and viruses described previously. For genotyping, fusion (F) gene phylogenetic analysis (nucleotide number 47-421) was performed using sequences of Kazakhstanian isolates as compared to sequences of selected NDV strains from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all newly characterized strains belonged to the genetic group designated as VIIb. All strains possessed a virulent fusion cleavage site (RRQRR/F) belonging to velogenic or mesogenic pathotypes with intracerebral pathogenicity indexes (ICPI) varying from 1.05 to 1.87.
TL;DR: Proventriculitis was studied by experimentally reproducing the disease in broiler chickens and homogenate-inoculated commercial and SPF chickens were negative for reovirus and Newcastle disease virus by RT-PCR and variably positive for adenovirus by PCR.
Abstract: SUMMARY. Proventriculitis was studied by experimentally reproducing the disease in broiler chickens. One-day-old infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) antibody positive commercial broilers and 1-day-old antibody negative specific-pathogen-free (SPF) broilers were orally gavaged with proventricular homogenates produced from the proventriculi of broilers with proventriculitis. At 7 and 14 days, both commercial and SPF broilers had enlargement of the proventriculus with necrosis of the glandular epithelium and lymphocytic infiltrates in the proventricular glands. SPF broilers exposed to the proventricular homogenates developed infectious bursal disease, and IBDV was detected by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). They also were positive by RT-PCR to IBV and developed nephritis. Commercial broilers developed mild nephritis but not bursal disease and were negative for IBDV and positive for IBV by RT-PCR. Both homogenate-inoculated commercial and SPF chickens were negative for reovirus and Newcastle disease virus by RT-PCR and variably positive for adenovirus by PCR. Bacteria were not identified in histologic sections, nor were they isolated from affected proventriculi. Indirect fluorescent antibody assay using convalescent sera detected intracytoplasmic staining in the proventricular glandular epithelial cells. Examination of thin sections of proventriculi using electron microscopy identified virus-like particles approximately 120 nm in diameter within the cytoplasm of these cells at 7 days after inoculation. Passage of proventricular homogenate filtrates in chicken embryos for virus isolation caused stunting, and allantoic fluid from these eggs was positive for IBV by RT-PCR.
TL;DR: It is concluded that each of the fusion, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase, and P genes contributes to pathogenicity.
TL;DR: Molecular changes of cell culture–adapted Newcastle disease virus were studied by adapting a velogenic NDV isolated from commercial layer chicken-to-chicken embryo fibroblast cells, which revealed gross and histopathologic changes in the chickens injected with the parent virus and absence of the lesions in chickens injectedWith the adapted virus.
Abstract: Molecular changes of cell culture–adapted Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were studied by adapting a velogenic NDV isolated from commercial layer chicken-to-chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells. The isolate was passaged 50 times in CEF cells. At every 10th passage the virus was characterized conventionally by mean death time analysis, intracerebral pathogenicity index, and virus titration. As the passage level increased, a gradual reduction in the virulence of the virus was observed. Molecular characterization of the virus included cloning and sequencing of a portion of the fusion gene (1349 bp) encompassing the fusion protein cleavage site (FPCS), which was previously amplified by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Sequence analysis revealed a total of 134 nucleotide substitutions, which resulted in the change of 41 amino acids between the parent and the 50th passage virus. Pathogenicity studies conducted in 20-wk-old seronegative chickens revealed gross and histopathologic changes ...
TL;DR: It is concluded based on preliminary studies that the interference of IBV on the immune response against NDV depends also whether the association between the two vaccines is done just before vaccination or in the manufacturing laboratory.
Abstract: The phenomenon of viral interference between live vaccines against Newcastle Disease and infectious bronchitis has been reported since the 50is and many researchers have reported its prejudicial effects on avian immunization. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of associated vaccines on the interference between Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in broilers. There were 400 broiler chicks divided into five groups. The groups were submitted to mono or polyvalent vaccinations against IBV and NDV, except for the non-vaccinated control group (CG). Sera were collected at 35 and 45 days of age and submitted to serologic tests to assess antibody levels. It was observed the occurrence of interference in the immune response against NDV by the use of associated vaccines to NDV and IBV; however, the group that was immunized with commercial combined vaccines (IBV+NDV) presented antibody titers to NDV similar to the group that was given only vaccine against NDV. We concluded based on these preliminary studies that the interference of IBV on the immune response against NDV depends also whether the association between the two vaccines is done just before vaccination or in the manufacturing laboratory.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Four Newcastle disease virus isolates obtained from a pigeon, lory, parrot, and love bird were subjected to biological and molecular characterization and were identified as velogenic with intracerebral pathogenicity indices (ICPI) of 1.9-2.0.
Abstract: Four Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates obtained from a pigeon, lory, parrot, and love bird were subjected to biological and molecular characterization. All the isolates were identified as velogenic with intracerebralpathogenicity indices (ICPI) of 1.9-2.0. All the isolates had a 1 1 2 RRQKRF 1 1 7 motif in the fusion protein cleavage site (FPCS), typical for pathogenic NDV. Phylogenetic analysis placed the isolates along with a velogenic Indian isolate of Cl group recovered during 1987.
Patent•
11 May 2005TL;DR: In this paper, a novel avian herpesvirus (NAHV) vector and recombinant vaccines made therefrom that are useful to immunize avian species against Marek's disease, infectious laryngotracheitis and Newcastle disease are also provided.
Abstract: The present invention provides a novel avian herpesvirus (NAHV) vector and recombinant vaccines made therefrom that are useful to immunize avian species against Marek's disease, infectious laryngotracheitis and Newcastle disease. Methods of immunizing an avian species against Marek's disease, infectious laryngotracheitis and Newcastle disease are also provided.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the Chimalhuacan strain of NDV causes an early and severe damage of the haematopoietic cells including thrombocyte precursors, which might explain the marked thromBocytopenia detected in early stages of this disease.
Abstract: A Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolated in Mexico and called Chimalhuacan strain was characterised by gene F restriction enzyme analysis and found to be a genotype II velogenic virus. Haematological evaluations and histological studies of bone marrow were conducted on chickens experimentally infected with the Chimalhuacan virus and on control chickens. Within 72 hours post infection (hpi), a 50% decrease in thrombocyte and monocyte counts and a complete cellular depletion in bone marrow islands were evident in the infected group. These findings suggest that the Chimalhuacan strain of NDV causes an early and severe damage of the haematopoietic cells including thrombocyte precursors, which might explain the marked thrombocytopenia detected in early stages of this disease.
TL;DR: The results pointed out that the isolate JAP99 is mesogenic for commercial chickens, offering risk for the poultry industry.
Abstract: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is the etiological agent of one of the most important diseases of the poultry industry and it has been identified in most of the avian species, wild and domestic birds. In this work, the isolation of the sample denominated JAP99 was obtained from duck feces collected in Japeri, RJ, which was identified by hemagglutination-inhibition technique (HI). The biological characterization of the pathogenicity of the new isolate was investigated at the Animal Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Campinas, SP. By intracerebral inoculation in one day chicks, the index was 1.4. In the intravenous inoculation in birds of six weeks, the index found was 0.0 and the mean death time in chicken embryos was 62 hours. These results pointed out that the isolate JAP99 is mesogenic for commercial chickens, offering risk for the poultry industry.
Dissertation•
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: The inactivated vaccine provided a high, homogeneous, and durable serologic response in breeders, and maternally derived antibodies were efficiently transmitted in vitellus, further confirming that offspring of females hyperimmunized with the inactivation vaccine received high titers of maternal antibodies.
Abstract: The houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata undulata) is endangered in North Africa. Through a captive-breeding program established in Morocco by The Emirates Center for Wildlife Propagation, wild populations are being supplemented by the releasing of captive-reared birds. Newcastle disease, which is caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV; Avian paramyxovirus type 1), can infect houbara bustards and is a significant threat through contact with backyard poultry and possibly wild birds. Three vaccination schedules for Newcastle disease were evaluated by serologic monitoring to assess the efficiency and safety of various types of vaccines (live vs. inactivated), vaccine strains (Hitchner B1 and Clone 30), and administration routes (intranasal vs. injection). We evaluated antibody titers in 211 adult houbara bustards for 10 mo. Antibody titers to NDV in both sera and egg yolks were monitored by hemagglutination inhibition test. The inactivated vaccine provided a high, homogeneous, and durable serologic response...