Showing papers on "Newcastle disease published in 2008"
TL;DR: In this article, the requirements of an epidemiologically effective vaccination program against Newcastle disease in poultry, based on data from experimental transmission studies, were studied and the implications for the control of Newcastle disease by vaccination were discussed.
Abstract: Newcastle disease is an economically important disease of poultry for which vaccination is applied as a preventive measure in many countries. Nevertheless, outbreaks have been reported in vaccinated populations. This suggests that either the vaccination coverage level is too low or that vaccination does not provide perfect immunity, allowing the virus to spread in partially vaccinated populations. Here we study the requirements of an epidemiologically effective vaccination program against Newcastle disease in poultry, based on data from experimental transmission studies. The transmission studies indicate that vaccinated birds with low or undetectable antibody titres may be protected against disease and mortality but that infection and transmission may still occur. In fact, our quantitative analyses show that Newcastle disease virus is highly transmissible in poultry with low antibody titres. As a consequence, herd immunity can only be achieved if a high proportion of birds (>85%) have a high antibody titre (log(2) haemagglutination inhibition titre > or =3) after vaccination. We discuss the implications for the control of Newcastle disease in poultry by vaccination.
170 citations
TL;DR: Although administration of the Probiotic PrimaLac appeared to improve the antibody responses to Newcastle disease virus and infectious bursal disease vaccination, the antibody titres of the probiotic-treated group were not significantly different from those not receiving probiotics.
Abstract: The effects of the probiotic PrimaLac (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Enterococcus faecium and Bifidobacterium bifidium) was investigated on performance and immune responses to vaccination against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease in broiler chickens. Use of PrimaLac significantly (P<0.05) enhanced broiler performance by improving body weight and decreasing the feed conversion ratio. Although administration of the probiotic appeared to improve the antibody responses to Newcastle disease virus and infectious bursal disease vaccination, the antibody titres of the probiotic-treated group were not significantly different from those not receiving probiotics.
115 citations
TL;DR: The data showed that the above-mentioned respiratory pathogens were the most important causes of respiratory disease in broiler chickens in Jordan and farmers need to be educated about the signs and importance of these pathogens.
111 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the present RT-LAMP system may provide a new avenue for the recognition of H9 subtype virus, and may be employed to screen for potential carriers in wild and domestic birds.
81 citations
TL;DR: Evaluated the role of the internal proteins (N, P, and L) in NDV virulence by using a chimeric reverse-genetics approach, and the results offer new insights into the pathogenesis of NDV infection.
Abstract: Naturally occurring Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains vary greatly in virulence, ranging from no apparent infection to severe disease causing 100% mortality in chickens. The viral determinants of NDV virulence are not completely understood. Cleavage of the fusion protein is required for the initiation of infection, and it acts as a determinant of virulence. The attachment protein HN was found to play a minor role in virulence. In this study, we have evaluated the role of the internal proteins (N, P, and L) in NDV virulence by using a chimeric reverse-genetics approach. The N, P, and L genes were exchanged individually between an avirulent NDV strain, LaSota, and an intermediate virulent NDV strain, Beaudette C (BC), and the N and P genes were also exchanged together. The recovered chimeric viruses were evaluated for their pathogenicity in the natural host, chickens. Our results showed that the pathogenicities of N and P chimeric viruses were similar to those of their respective parental viruses, indicating that the N and P genes probably play minor roles in virulence. However, replacement of the L gene of BC with that of LaSota significantly increased the pathogenicity of the L-chimeric virus, suggesting that the L gene probably contributes to the virulence of NDV. The L-chimeric BC virus was found to replicate at a 100-fold-higher level than its parental virus in chicken brain, suggesting that the increase in pathogenicity may be due to the increased replication level of the chimeric virus. Our findings offer new insights into the pathogenesis of NDV infection.
76 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Newcastle disease virus is an enveloped cytoplasmic RNA virus of avian origin that is highly attenuated in humans and other primates because of a strong host-range restriction and may be particularly effective for the development of vectored vaccines against respiratory infections as well as infections that can be transmitted through the respiratory tract.
Abstract: Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases pose a threat to individuals worldwide and necessitate the development of new vaccines and vaccine platforms. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an enveloped cytoplasmic RNA virus of avian origin that is highly attenuated in humans and other primates because of a strong host-range restriction. NDV infects the respiratory tract of non-human primates and appears to remain restricted to that site. As a vaccine vector, NDV induced substantial local and systemic responses against a protein expressed by a foreign gene insert and was protective against pathogen challenge. NDV is antigenically distinct from common human viruses, accommodates foreign sequences with a good degree of stability, can be readily produced in a cell line acceptable for human product development, and exhibits a low incidence of recombination. Because of its natural tropism for the respiratory tract, NDV may be particularly effective for the development of vectored vaccines against respiratory infections as well as infections that can be transmitted through the respiratory tract.
76 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that the NDV-H5 vectored vaccine is similarly effective as the best inactivated vaccine, and could represent an alternative for extensive vaccination against avian influenza in chickens.
73 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that this virus has potential as a safe in-ovo live, attenuated, bivalent avian influenza and Newcastle disease virus vaccine.
69 citations
TL;DR: Complete genome sequences analysis indicated that the N-terminal of SRZ03 F gene originated from a genotype II NDV strain, whereas the C-terminals of F gene and the rest of the genes originated fromA prevalent velogenic genotype VII NDV strains.
67 citations
TL;DR: The ability of inactivated, oil-emulsion vaccines derived from La Sota or Ulster 2C NDV strains to protect chickens from challenge with Kr-005/00, which is a recently isolated Korean epizootic genotype VII strain is assessed.
Abstract: Despite the intensive vaccination policy that has been put in place to control Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the recent emergence of NDV genotype VII strains in Korea has led to significant economic losses in the poultry industry. We assessed the ability of inactivated, oil-emulsion vaccines derived from La Sota or Ulster 2C NDV strains to protect chickens from challenge with Kr-005/00, which is a recently isolated Korean epizootic genotype VII strain. Six-week-old SPF chickens were vaccinated once and challenged three weeks later via the eye drop/intranasal route. All vaccinated birds were fully protected from disease, regardless of the vaccine strains used. All vaccinated and challenged groups showed significant sero-conversion 14 days after challenge. However, some vaccinated birds, despite being protected from disease, shed the challenge virus from their oro-pharynx and cloaca, albeit at significantly lower titers than the unvaccinated challenged control birds. The virological, serological, and epidemiological significance of our observations with regard to NDV disease eradication is discussed.
TL;DR: The study suggests that recombination plays a role inNDV evolution and suggests that live vaccines have capacity to play roles in shaping NDV evolution by homologous recombination with circulating virus.
TL;DR: The data strongly support the application of recombinant NDV/IL-2 virus as an anti-tumor agent.
TL;DR: This article reviews the available literature relating to infections in pheasants, describing the clinical presentation of the disease and the epidemiological role these hosts may have in the spread of ND.
Abstract: Newcastle disease (ND) is regarded throughout the world as one of the most important diseases of poultry, not only due to the serious disease and high flock mortality that may result from some ND virus (NDV) infections, but also through the economic impact that may ensue due to trading restrictions and embargoes placed on areas and countries where outbreaks have occurred. All ages of pheasants are purported to be highly susceptible to infection with NDV, but clinical signs and mortality levels in infected birds vary considerably. This article reviews the available literature relating to infections in pheasants, describing the clinical presentation of the disease and the epidemiological role these hosts may have in the spread of ND.
TL;DR: The data show that application of a vector-based vaccine in the control of influenza may require adaptation of the vaccine to currently circulating viruses.
TL;DR: In the scenario of migratory birds contributing significantly to the global spread of infectious diseases, a better understanding of their role in the disease epidemiology has to be gained by implementing superior surveillance and tracking strategies.
Abstract: The role of migrating wild birds in transmitting diseases of poultry or zoonoses is a contentious issue as the researchers and naturalists stands divided regarding their capability to disperse pathogens over continents Recently, migratory birds got world wide attention during the bird flu outbreaks, as they were found capable to disseminate the deadly H5N1 avian influenza (bird flu) virus, without themselves getting affected However, the death of migratory birds due to H5N1, reported from Asia, has fuelled anxiety and concern over the whole issue Apart from avian influenza, migratory birds are also thought to play role in the transmission of avian viruses like Newcastle disease virus, avian pneumovirus and duck plague virus Similarly, bacterial pathogens like Chlamydophila psittaci and Pasteurella multocida can be transmitted to domestic poultry via migratory birds They are also known to spread West Nile virus, equine encephalitis virus, Borrelia burgdorferi and enteropathogens like Campylobacter and Salmonella, which could affect animals as will as human beings To prevent such etiological agents from entering poultry premises, strict biosecurity and constant surveillance are of paramount importance Hence, in the scenario of migratory birds contributing significantly to the global spread of infectious diseases, a better understanding of their role in the disease epidemiology has to be gained by implementing superior surveillance and tracking strategies Key word: Avian influenza, biosecurity, migratory birds, poultry diseases, surveillance, wild birds Introduction Migratory birds can disperse microorganisms across international borders and myriad pathogens harmful to poultry or other vertebrates have been associated with such birds (Hubalek, 1994, 2004) They circulate avian influenza virus (AIV), avian pneumovirus, Newcastle disease virus, duck plague virus, Chlamydophila psittaci, Campylobacter and Salmonella (Hubalek, 1994; Palmgren et al, 1997; Wobeser, 1997; Alexander, 2000; Hubalek, 2004) The pathogen disseminating potential of migrating birds has become a major concern during the spread of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America during the late 1990’s (Rappole and Hubalek, 2000; Reed et al, 2003) During the last few years, migrating birds have introduced H5N1 influenza virus to many countries, choosing specific flyways in different continents (Brand, 1984; Rappole et al, 2000; Stroud et al, 2004) Migrating birds generally include species that cyclically cross one or more national boundaries and use a variety of habitats including wetlands, marshes and other water bodies (UNEP, 2005) Such migrants make series of shorter flights, traveling more at night and during stop-over, disseminate the harbored pathogens (Reed et al, 2003) Migration, a remarkable biological phenomenon having epizootic implications depends on factors like susceptibility of birds, pathogen viability, vectors and factors such as temperature and humidity (Keymer, 1958; Page, 1976) The stress associated with migration can increase the bird’s susceptibility to pathogens or enhance their shedding rate Migration is highly demanding and if the birds become infected, they may spread the pathogens, for shorter distances rather than distant destinations (Weber and Stilianakis, 2007; Feare, 2007) For the efficient dispersal of pathogens, they serve as biological carriers of microbes or mechanical dispersers of vectors that harbor pathogens (Hubalek, 1994; Singh et al, 2003; Hubalek, 2004) As biological carriers, the infection in migratory birds can be acute (Newcastle disease, Duck plague, Pasteurellosis) chronic (Pox) or asymptomatic (influenza, salmonellosis) Feces and nasal and respiratory exudates of infected migrants transmit AIV, paramyxovirus, herpes virus, C psittaci, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Mycobacterium avium, P multocida and Clostridium spp Likewise, they transport ticks along with pathogens, from one site to another (Hubalek, 1994, 2004) Even though such birds carry influenza virus and other pathogens, as per the suggestions of Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), eliminating these birds is not a sagacious Dhama et al: Pathogens Transmitted by Migratory Birds 517 measure Instead, biosecurity and surveillance system geese, gulls and cormorants were the migratory birds has to be enhanced to ensure that the poultry dwelling that were mostly affected (Sturm-Ramirez et al, 2004; zones are not contaminated by migrating birds Youling, 2005; Sanjaatogtokh, 2005) The H5N1 virus in Pathogens transmitted by migratory birds: head tilt and staggering gait and pathology in multiple Avian influenza virus (AIV): Avian influenza virus (AIV) of organs, including the brain resulting in severe genus Influenzavirus (type A), family Orthomyxoviridae, neurological dysfunction and was transmitted between is the causative agent of avian influenza (bird flu), that migratory birds (Sturm-Ramirez et al, 2004; Chen et al, causes high flock mortality in poultry The H5N1 subtype 2006) These isolates from migratory birds were found of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus has to be distinct from Southeast Asian H5N1 virus, but caused severe outbreaks in poultry worldwide, capable of inflicting highly pathogenic infection in accounting for huge economic losses (Alexander, 2000; chickens (Lei et al, 2007) Besides occurrence of HPAI Swayne and Halvorson, 2003; Dhama et al, 2005; in such birds, it is a matter of concern that the LPAI Burgos and Burgos, 2007a) It is a highly contagious, viruses in migratory birds can mutate within them or get zoonotic and multi-systemic disease placed under ‘List into the poultry population which later act as precursor A’ disease of OIE, having potential of rapid spread, for the generation of deadly HPAI viruses (Swayne and irrespective of national borders The H5N1 virus, earlier Halvorson, 2003; Dhama et al, 2005; Mathew et al, limited to poultry, is now capable of infecting migratory 2006; Mehrabanpour et al, 2007) Geospatial analyses birds, animals and human beings (Chen et al, 2006; clearly prove that the distribution of HPAI outbreaks in Kataria et al, 2006; Burgos and Burgos, 2007b) During domestic poultry has been strongly associated with free the past few years, the H5N1 virus has led to losses of grazing water fowls present in the region (Gilbert et al, more than 250 million birds besides claiming 21
TL;DR: A review of the epidemiology of Newcastle disease in village poultry in Nigeria, with emphasis on the susceptibility of species, types and ages is reviewed, to formulating effective strategies for controlling the disease in the rural areas of Nigeria.
Abstract: Newcastle disease is a viral and often fatal disease that has been reported to affect a wide range of avian hosts, irrespective of age and sex. It is reported to be a major constraint to the development, survival and productivity of village poultry. This paper is a review of the epidemiology of Newcastle disease in village poultry in Nigeria, with emphasis on the susceptibility of species, types and ages. Also examined are the challenges and prospects of Newcastle disease control in this village poultry sector in Nigeria. This was conducted for the purpose of formulating effective strategies for controlling the disease in the rural areas of Nigeria.
TL;DR: It is concluded that NDV-HUJ should have a significant benefit in the treatment of lung cancer as well as other malignancies because of its virus-selective oncolytic effect.
Abstract: Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus, has a potential oncolytic effect that may be of significance in the treatment of a variety of cancer diseases. An attenuated lentogenic isolate of NDV (HUJ) demonstrated a selective cytopathic effect upon a panel of human and mouse lung tumor cells, as compared to human nontumorigenic lung cells. The virus-selective oncolytic effect is apoptosis dependent, and related to higher levels of viral transcription, translation and progeny virus formation. Furthermore, NDV-HUJ oncolytic activity is directed in-cis and not through induction of cytokines, that may act in-trans on neighboring cells. Development of primary lung tumors and of the consequent metastasis in mice inoculated with mouse lung tumor cells 3LL-D122 was decreased following treatment with NDV-HUJ. The preferential killing of the tumor cells is not due to a deficiency in the interferon (IFN) system, as expression of the IFN-beta gene, in the infected cells, is properly induced. Moreover, pretreatment with IFN effectively protected the tumor cells from the virus oncolytic effect. We conclude therefore, that NDV-HUJ should have a significant benefit in the treatment of lung cancer as well as other malignancies.
TL;DR: In this article, thermal inactivation data for two viruses of high pathogenicity in chickens (AIV strain A/chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/1983 and NDV strain APMV-1/ chicken/California/S0212676/2002) and two virus of low pathogenity in chickens were presented.
TL;DR: Results showed that this rFPV could be a potential vaccine for preventing NDV and ILTV by a single immunization.
Abstract: A recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV) coexpressing the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase genes and infectious laryngothracheitis virus (ILTV) glycoprotein B gene was constructed. This virus was then evaluated for its ability to protect specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens against clinical symptoms and death after challenge by virulent NDV and ILTV. SPF chickens were grouped and vaccinated with the rFPV and commercial NDV (La Sota) and ILTV attenuated live vaccine (Nobilis ILT), respectively. After challenge with NDV 10 days postvaccination, 70% of chickens vaccinated with rFPV were protected from death, whereas 100% of the commercial NDV-vaccinated chickens were protected from death. In contrast, 100% of the unvaccinated chickens died after challenge. After challenge with ILTV, both the rFPV and commercial ILTV-vaccinated chickens were completely protected from death and 70% of chickens were protected from respiratory signs. In comparison, 100% of the unvaccinated...
TL;DR: Fifty-six Newcastle disease virus strains collected from 2000 to 2006 could be grouped into subgenotype VIId, but they displayed cumulative mutations in and around the linear epitope of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase with time.
Abstract: Fifty-six Newcastle disease virus strains collected from 2000 to 2006 could be grouped into subgenotype VIId. However, they displayed cumulative mutations in and around the linear epitope of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (residues 345 to 353) with time. The antigenicities of the variants that became predominant in Korea differ from each other and from the wild type.
TL;DR: A fast, simultaneous and inexpensive approach to the detection of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian influenza virus (AIV) using oligonucleotide microarrays, which may provide potential for rapid surveillance and differential diagnosis of these two important zoonoses in both wild and domestic birds.
TL;DR: The results of this work may be used in commercial farms to predict the antibody titer in day-old chicks as a function of their dams' antibody titers as a result of the variation in the rate of antibody transfer among the pathogens tested for.
TL;DR: Seventy-nine velogenic Newcastle disease virus isolates obtained from infected chicken flocks during the outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) in various regions of the mainland of China in 2006 proved to be of genotype VIId; only two isolates were of genotypes III.
TL;DR: Results indicate that the strains of genotype VIId NDV have been the major pathogen, responsible for most epizootic ND outbreaks in waterfowl in China since 1997.
Abstract: Ten representative isolates of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) obtained from outbreaks in waterfowl (geese and ducks) in China since 1997 were characterized both pathotypically and genotypically. The mean death time and intracerebral pathogenicity index were used to evaluate the virulence of the isolates. Pathogenicity tests showed that all 10 isolates were velogenic strains. The main functional region of the F gene made up of 535 nucleotides was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of the fusion protein cleavage site in all 10 isolates was 112RRQKRF117, which is a typical sequence of velogenic strains and is in agreement with the results of in vivo pathogenicity tests. For genotyping, a phylogenetic tree based on nucleotides 47–435 of the F gene was constructed. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most of the isolates were of the genotype VII virus. Only one strain, WG, was found to be of the genotype IX virus. This strain was cl...
TL;DR: It is suggested that the combined rND F + HN glycoprotein derived from vvNDV can be an ideal subunit marker vaccine candidate in chickens in a future ND eradication program.
Abstract: Recombinant baculoviruses containing the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein gene of the viscerotropic velogenic (vv) Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolate, Kr-005/00, and a lentogenic La Sota strain of the NDV were constructed in an attempt to develop an effective subunit vaccine to the recent epizootic vvNDV. The level of protection was determined by evaluating the clinical signs, mortality, and virus shedding from the oropharynx and cloaca of chickens after a challenge with vvNDV Kr-005/00. The recombinant ND F (rND F) and recombinant HN (rND HN) glycoproteins derived from the velogenic strain provided good protection against the clinical signs and mortality, showing a 0.00 PI value and 100% protection after a booster immunization. On the other hand, the combined rND F + HN glycoprotein derived from the velogenic strain induced complete protection (0.00 PI value and 100% protection) and significantly reduced the amount of virus shedding even after a single immunization. The rND F and rND HN glycoproteins derived from the velogenic strain had a slightly, but not significantly, greater protective effect than the lentogenic strain. These results suggest that the combined rND F + HN glycoprotein derived from vvNDV can be an ideal subunit marker vaccine candidate in chickens in a future ND eradication program.
TL;DR: Virulent NDVs isolated in Mexico between 1998 and 2006 were subjected to biologic characterization, using standard pathogenicity tests, and to phylogenetic analysis, which indicated that the Mexican virulent NDV belong to the class II, genotype V viruses.
Abstract: In 2002–2003, velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus outbreaks, closely related to the Mexican isolates, were confirmed in the United States (U.S.) in southern California, Arizona, Nevada, and Texas. In this report, virulent NDVs isolated in Mexico between 1998 and 2006 were subjected to biologic characterization, using standard pathogenicity tests, and to phylogenetic analysis. Chicken embryo mean death time (MDT) test results ranged from 39.7 to 61.5 hours, and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) values were between 1.59 and 1.94, compared to a possible maximum value of 2.0. These isolates showed a dibasic amino acid motif at the fusion protein cleavage site sequence required for host systemic replication. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Mexican virulent NDVs belong to the class II, genotype V viruses and can be clearly divided in two groups as follows: isolates from 1998 to 2001 with close epidemiologic relationship with the latest U.S. NDV outbreaks, and phylogenetically distinct vir...
TL;DR: When 483 clinical specimens suspected of infection with H5N1 were tested, results from the strip test were nearly identical with those from the HA/hemagglutination inhibition test, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.
Abstract: A rapid immune colloidal gold test strip for detecting 1 lineage of the H5 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza was developed based on membrane chromatography with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against hemagglutinin (HA) of the H5 subtype of Avian influenza virus (AIV). Bagg albino C mice that were immunized with AIV A/Goose/Guangdong/3/96(H5N1) yielded 4 hybridomas secreting mAbs (1A6, 1B8, 3C4, and 8F6) specific for HA. Monoclonal antibody 3C4 was conjugated with colloidal gold as the detector antibody. On the test strip, 1A6, in combination with rabbit anti-H5N1 polyclonal antibody, was used as the capture complex at the ''test line,'' and goat antimouse immunoglobulin G antibody was used as the capture antibody at the ''control line.'' The strip test correctly detected the H5 subtype of AIV in known positive samples and did not react with the standard antigens of AIV H1-H4 or H6-H14, or the antigens of Newcastle disease virus, Infectious bursal disease virus, Infectious bronchitis virus, or Avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus. When 483 clinical specimens suspected of infection with H5N1 were tested, results from the strip test were nearly identical with those from the HA/hemagglutination inhibition test, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Because the newly developed strip was specific, rapid, and sensitive, it should be useful for diagnosing the H5 subtype of AIV and for investigating its epidemiology. The test strip is only reliable for the lineage of H5N1. As for the other strains of AIV, further experiments will be needed.
TL;DR: The pathogenic viral strain for chickens was unable to produce clinical signs of the disease in experimentally infected pigeons, although it induced the humoral antibody response and produced NDV genome shedding.
TL;DR: All three isolates of APMV 2, 4, and 6 were isolated from wild birds and subsequently characterized in specific pathogen free chickens, and showed microscopic lesions in the trachea, lungs, gut, and pancreas characteristic for a viral infection.
Abstract: Based on the haemagglutination inhibition assay, nine antigenically distinct serotypes of avian paramyxoviruses (APMV) are described. Isolates from APMV 2, 3, 6 and 7 can cause respiratory symptoms and/or problems of the reproductive tract that may produce complications if secondary infections occur, while isolates from APMV 4, 5, 8 and 9 rarely produce clinical signs in species from which they are isolated. Isolates belonging to the APMV 1 subtype induce a wide range of disease symptoms varying from mild symptoms to a disease with devastating consequences as caused by velogenic Newcastle disease virus. In this report, one isolate each of APMV 2, 4, and 6 were isolated from wild birds and subsequently characterized in specific pathogen free chickens. All three isolates caused no clinical symptoms but showed microscopic lesions in the trachea, lungs, gut, and pancreas characteristic for a viral infection. Interestingly, only APMV 2 induced haemagglutination inhibition antibodies, while haemagglutination in...