Showing papers on "Night vision published in 1999"

Phenotype in retinol deficiency due to a hereditary defect in retinol binding protein synthesis.

Abstract: PURPOSE To describe the phenotype caused by a retinol deficiency in a family with compound heterozygous missense mutations (Ile41Asn and Gly75Asp) in the gene for serum retinol binding protein (RBP). METHODS The two affected sisters, 17 (BR) and 13 (MR) years old, were examined clinically and with perimetry, color vision tests, dark adaptometry, rod- and cone-isolated electroretinograms (ERGs), multifocal ERGs, electrooculograms (EOGs), and laboratory tests. RESULTS There were no complaints besides night vision problems and no history of systemic disease. Visual acuity was reduced to 20/40 (BR) and 20/25 (MR). Anterior segments were normal except for a discrete iris coloboma. Both patients showed a typical "fundus xerophthalmicus," featuring a progressed atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. Dark adaptation thresholds were elevated. In the scotopic ERG, only reduced mixed responses were recordable. The photopic ERG was reduced in BR and normal in MR; implicit times were highly (BR) to slightly (MR) elevated. There was no (BR) to little (MR) light reaction in the EOG. All-trans retinol levels were 0.19 microM and 0.18 microM (normal range, 0.7-1.5 microM) for BR and MR, respectively, and did not increase in a dose-response test. RBP was below detection threshold, and retinyl esters were normal. CONCLUSIONS Both affected siblings had no detectable serum RBP, one sixth of normal retinol levels, and normal retinyl esters. The retinal pigment epithelium was severely affected, but besides acne there were no changes to other organs. This gives evidence for an alternative tissue source of vitamin A, presumably retinyl esters from chylomicron remnants. The normal retinol levels in the tear fluid explain the lack of xerophthalmia. However, considering the role of RBP in the tear fluid and, during development, in the yolk sac there is also evidence that there are organ-specific RBP forms not affected by the genetic defect.

Perceptual ability with real-world nighttime scenes: image-intensified, infrared, and fused-color imagery.

Abstract: This study investigated human perceptual performance allowed by relatively impoverished information conveyed in nighttime natural scenes. Researchers used images of nighttime outdoor scenes rendered in image-intensified low-light visible (i-squared) sensors, thermal infrared (ir) sensors, and an i-squared/ir fusion technique with information added. They found that nighttime imagery provides adequate low-level image information for effective perceptual organization on a classification task, but that performance for exemplars within a given object category is dependent on the image type. Overall performance was best with the false-color fused images. This is consistent with the suggestion in the literature that color plays a predominate role in perceptual grouping and segmenting of objects in a scene and supports the suggestion that the addition of color in complex achromatic scenes aids the perceptual organization required for visual search. The study addresses the issue of assessment of perceptual performance with alternative night-vision sensors and fusion methods and begins to characterize perceptual organization abilities permitted by the information in relatively impoverished images of complex scenes. Applications of this research include improving night vision, medical, and other devices that use alternative sensors or degraded imagery.

A novel mutation within the rhodopsin gene (thr-94-ile) causing autosomal dominant congenital stationary night blindness

Abstract: More than 100 mutations within the rhodopsin gene have been found to be responsible for some forms of retinitis pigmentosa, a progressive retinal degeneration characterized by night blindness and subsequent disturbance of day vision that may eventually result in total blindness. Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is an uncommon inherited retinal dysfunction in which patients complain of night vision difficulties of a nonprogressive nature only and in which generally there is no involvement of day vision. We report the results of molecular genetic analysis of an Irish family segregating an autosomal dominant form of CSNB in which a previously unreported threonine-to-isoleucine substitution at codon 94 in the rhodopsin gene was found to segregate with the disease. Computer modeling suggests that constitutive activation of transducin by the altered rhodopsin protein may be a mechanism for disease causation in this family. Only two mutations within the rhodopsin gene have been previously reported in patients with congenital stationary night blindness, constitutive activation also having been proposed as a possible disease mechanism.

Direct view infrared MEMS structure

Abstract: An apparatus and process for forming an infrared imager suitable for night vision surveillance systems. The infrared imager includes an array of field emissive devices formed within a semiconductor substrate such as a silicon wafer. The field emissive devices each include silicon emitters formed within the silicon substrate and a micro-cantilever including a conductive gate plate suspended above the emitters. The micro-cantilever is formed of a bi-material and bends in response to absorbed infrared radiation, locally changing an electric field applied to the structure, and therefore, the emission current of the emitters. Electrons emitted from the emitters form a visible image on a phosphor plate.

Beam wander considerations in imaging polarimetry

Abstract: To make accurate imagin polarimetry measurements, it is imperative that the individual polarization images comprising a data set are spatially well registered. Both the Stokes Imaging Polarimeter at the University of Alabama in Huntsville and the Multispectral IR Stokes Imagining Polarimeter at Night Vision Laboratories use a rotating quarter-wave linear retarder followed by a fixed linear polarizer to measure Stokes vector images. The rotating retarder cause small amounts of image wander at the detector array. In this paper, we quantify the effects of this image wander on the calculated polarization parameters, and present data indicating the maximum acceptable image wander for typical scenes.

Low light viewer with image simulation

Abstract: A display apparatus includes an IR or other light source that produces light at a first wavelength that is modulated according to a desired image The modulated light is then applied to a phosphor that converts the light to a second wavelength in the visible range In one embodiment, the image source is a scanned light beam display that scans an IR light beam onto an image intensifier tube of a night vision goggle In other embodiments, the image source is a LCD having an IR back light or a FED panel that emits electrons directly into a microchannel accelerator plate of the night vision goggles In still another embodiment, the image source emits visible or ultraviolet light onto a phosphor that emits light of a different wavelength in response

Night Vision: infrared takes to the road

Abstract: Driving after dark can be hazardous. Raytheon and General Motors hope to make it less so with Night Vision, a thermal imaging system that gives drivers a better view of the road beyond their headlights. The paper discusses the Night Vision system which uses a grill-mounted infrared camera and a head-up display unit that projects a virtual image through the windshield. The system gives drivers three-to-five times the visual range of typical low-beam headlights.

Method for controlling a light source in a night vision surveillance system

Abstract: A method for controlling a light source in a night vision system is provided. The method first computes a pulse width Tp=2(d−d1)/c, where c is the light speed, according to parameters of a desired observing distance d and a shortest distance d1 of the back-scattering light that enters the light sensor, such as a low-light-level camera. According to the definition of duty cycle D, it is determined by D=(1−d1/d)/(2−d1/d). According to the parameters of the desired observing distance and the pulse width, control signals are generated by a pulse signal controller to control a pulsed active-light illuminator with proper emitting period and a gated light sensor with proper gated-on period.

Direct-view uncooled micro-optomechanical infrared camera

Abstract: This paper presents the design, fabrication, and the first imaging results of a new uncooled infrared (IR) camera based on thermomechanical sensing and a novel optical readout technique that directly interfaces with the human eye. The system contains a focal plane array (FPA) consisting of bimaterial cantilever beams in each pixel. Absorption of the incident IR radiation by each cantilever beam raises its temperature, resulting in proportional deflection due to mismatch in thermal expansion of the two cantilever materials. A visible optical system is used to simultaneously measure the deflections of all the cantilever beams of the FPA using either Fabry-Perot interferometry or deformable diffraction gratings, and collectively project a visible image of the spatially-varying IR radiation directly on the human eye. The camera is designed to be sensitive in the spectral range of 8-14 /spl mu/m which is key to night vision. The first results suggest that objects at temperatures as low as 100/spl deg/C can be imaged with the best noise-equivalent temperature difference (NE/spl Delta/T) in the range of 10 K. It is estimated that further improvements that are currently being pursued can improve NE/spl Delta/T to about 50 mK.

Distance estimation with night vision goggles : A little feedback goes a long way

Abstract: Immediate feedback was given to correct observers' estimates of distance in an experiment in which those estimates were made outdoors at night while observers wore night vision goggles (NVGs). Initially observers made unguided estimates of distances between marked positions in an open field. Those distances ranged from 7.6 m (25 ft) to 64 m (210 ft). Later the same observers made more estimates. After each of these they were told the measured distance between the positions. During this training, the observers' height from the ground plane was either at a standing position or at an elevated position raised 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) from standing position. After the training--either immediately after, a week later, or at both times--observers made unguided estimates of distance for a second time. These latter estimates of ground distance made with the NVGs were improved. Average improvement of the observers' estimates persisted for at least one week after training. This training can be applied to improve clearance estimates and estimates of hover height for pilots of rotary-wing aircraft.

The effect of anthocyanosides in a multiple oral dose on night vision

Abstract: Purpose In view of research demonstrating the ability of anthocyanosides in a multiple oral dose to improve night vision in normal individuals, we assessed their effect on three night vision tests: full-field absolute scotopic retinal threshold (SRT), dark adaptation rate (DAR) and mesopic contrast sensitivity (MCS). Methods In a double-masked, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, 18 young normal volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three different regimens of multiple oral administrations of 12 and 24 mg anthocyanosides, and a placebo, given twice daily for 4 days. A 2 week washout period was allowed between each 4 day treatment period. SRT, DAR and MCS was tested 1 day before and at days 1, 2, 3 and 4 during the treatment period. Results No significant effect was found on any of the three above-mentioned night vision tests. The study had a power of 0.95 to detect a 0.1 log unit improvement in SRT and 0.5 log unit improvement in MCS. Conclusions Multiple oral administrations of 12 and 24 mg anthocyanosides twice a day appear to lack significant effect on night vision tests.

Field evaluations of dual-band fusion for color night vision

Abstract: As part of an advanced night vision program sponsored by DARPA, a method for real-time color night vision based on the fusion of visible and infrared sensors has been developed and demonstrated. The work, based on principles of color vision in humans and primates, achieves an effective strategy for combining the complementary information present in the two sensors. Our sensor platform consists of a 640 X 480 low- light CCD camera developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory and a 320 X 240 uncooled microbolometer thermal infrared camera from Lockheed Martin Infrared. Image capture, data processing, and display are implemented in real-time (30 fps) on commercial hardware. Recent results from field tests at Lincoln Laboratory and in collaboration with U.S. Army Special Forces at Fort Campbell will be presented. During the tests, we evaluated the performance of the system for ground surveillance and as a driving aid. Here, we report on the results using both a wide-field of view (42 deg.) and a narrow field of view (7 deg.) platforms.

Corneal tissue ablation designed for dark adaptability

Abstract: A system and method for performing a reshaping of a cornea of an eye for improved vision is presented. The system comprises a first appartus for determining dark adapted pupil size of an eye and a second apparatus for reshaping a cornea of the eye in an area approximately equal to the dark adapted pupil size as determined by the first apparatus. The method of the present invention involves dilating the pupil of an eye to its dark adapted size, determining the diameter of the dilated pupil, and ablating the cornea of the eye to match the dilated pupil size. The advantage to using such a system and method when reshaping a cornea of an eye is reduced halo effect or improved night vision.

Visual, refractive, and subjective outcomes after photorefractive keratectomy for myopia of 6 to 10 diopters using the Nidek laser.

Abstract: Purpose To analyze the results of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia of 6.0 to 10.0 diopters (D) using the Nidek laser and compare them with those in other series, including LASIK, and to analyze the subjective aspects of vision. Setting Remuera Eye Clinic, Auckland, New Zealand. Method One hundred ninety-two eyes of 162 consecutive PRK patients with a 6 month follow-up were studied. All had myopia in the range of 6.0 to 10.0 D by spherical equivalent. Astigmatism of up to 3.5 D was treated by laser simultaneously. At 6 months, uncorrected visual acuity, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, residual refractive error, and corneal haze were recorded. After the 6 month examination, a questionnaire was sent to all patients. Results Uncorrected visual acuity of 20/20 was achieved in 59% of eyes and of 20/40 or better in 94%. The accuracy of correction was ±0.5 D of emmetropia in 77% and ±1.0 D in 94%. In 2 eyes (1.0%), corneal haze was assessed as 2+ and 2 Snellen lines of best corrected visual acuity were lost. The questionnaire revealed that 45% of patients had difficulties with night vision. This was better than before surgery in 35% but worse in 31%. Halos were seen around lights by 52%, but these were less than before surgery in 21% and worse in 26%. There was undue sensitivity to glare in 29%, but this was better than before surgery in 19% and worse in 28%. The overall quality of vision was better than before surgery in 60% and worse in 17%. Seventy-seven percent did not need spectacles. Ninety-eight percent said they would have the surgery again. Conclusions As long as the patients are informed of the limitations of PRK for myopia, the results are acceptable.

Evaluation of the Night Vision Spectacles on patients with impaired night vision

Abstract: · Background: The Night Vision Spectacles (NiViS) were developed by a consortium of European companies to assist individuals who suffer from impaired night vision. They consist of a head-mounted video camera (input) and binocular displays (output) connected to a portable computer processor, which uses an algorithm to enhance the luminance and contrast of the video image. · Methods: Eighteen patients with impaired night vision were tested, including those with retinitis pigmentosa (7), Usher syndrome (2), fundus albipunctatus (1) and complete (4) and incomplete (4) congenital stationary night blindness. Normal trichromats (3) and typical, complete achromats (2) acted as controls. A battery of tests assessed: visual acuity at 5 m (projection unit) and 1 m (chart) and at high and low contrasts; contrast sensitivity; absolute and increment threshold; the influence of glare; contrast motion detection; and hand-eye performance. The tests were performed, with and without the NiViS, at three adaptation levels: low scotopic (10–3 cd/m2), high scotopic (10–2 cd/m2) and mesopic (10–1 cd/m2). · Results: At the low and high scotopic levels, the majority of patients showed improved performance on the visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and motion contrast tests with the NiViS. At the mesopic level, the advantage with the NiViS was greatly reduced, but still present for contrast sensitivity. · Conclusion: Patients with impaired night vision can benefit from the NiViS when performing tasks involving contrast and motion perception. Those with normal visual fields and retaining good photopic vision will benefit more than those with constricted visual fields and impaired cone vision. Recommendations regarding desirable improvements of the NiViS and suitability for the individual patient are given.

New image enhancement algorithm for night vision

Abstract: In order to improve the clearness of images captured at night, a new enhancement algorithm is proposed in this paper. Its characters are: (1) enhancing the dark image with contrast enhancement and histogram equalization in series, so both the local and global information can be used; (2) a contrast transforming function which is suited to deal with dark image is proposed; (3) it can be realized in real time. The new method shows good performance in dealing with night vision images.

Night Vision modeling; historical perspective

Abstract: This is a technical historical chronicle of the past and on-going development of performance models for electro-opticalsensors carried out by the US Army CECOM NVESD, the original Night Vision Laboratory The emphasis has been onthermal imaging models and is also the focus ofthis paper The origin ofthe Johnson criteria is shown and the resultingmodels that have evolved from the original concept proposed by John Johnson The present formulations ofthe models aredetailed and the newest developments are introduced The force that drives the various improvements in the models is thedevelopment ofmore sophisticated thermal imagers whose performance must be described and predicted Backgroundsupporting developments in laboratory measurements and field validation are indicatedKeywords: FLIR modeling; thermal imagers; Johnson criteria; Minimum resolvable temperature; Mmimum detectabletemperature; detection; recognition; identification 1 Introduction The development and fielding ofthermal imaging, or Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR), systems by the US Army over thelast 30 years has been led by the development and exercise ofvalidated performance models These models were and still arebeing improved by the US Army Communications-Electronics Command (CECOM) Research, Development &Engineering Center's (RDEC) Night Vision & Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) at Ft Belvoir, VA This modelingapproach has been adopted by the other services, NATO and industry to optimize designs, predict operational performance,select contractor proposals and generate performance specifications The modeling approach is based upon the uniqueconcept ofJohn Johnson ofNVESD that relates a laboratory measurement of"resolvable cycles across a target" to targetacquisition performance in the field This innovative concept when coupled with extensive validation data from thelaboratory and the field has provided a powerful tool for the infrared and thermal imaging community Models have alsobeen developed based on this same principle for otherelectro-optical imaging systems, such as image intensifiers andtelevision This paper will concentrate primarily on the FLIR modeling

Optimized mapping of radiometric quantities into OpenGL

Abstract: Physically realistic synthesis of FLIR imagery requires intensive phenomenology calculations of the spectral band thermal emission and reflection from scene elements in the database. These calculations predict the heat conduction, convection, and radiation exchange between scene elements and the environment. Balancing this requirement is the need for imagery to be presented to a display in a timely fashion, often in real time. In order to support these conflicting requirements, some means of overcoming the gap between real time and high fidelity must be achieved. Over the past several years, the US Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) has been developing a real-time forward looking infrared sensor simulation known as Paint the Night (PTN). As part of this development, NVESD has explored schemes for optimizing signature models and for mapping model radiometric output into parameters compatible with OpenGL, real-time rendering architectures. Relevant signature and mapping optimization issues are discussed, and a current NVESD PTN real-time implementation scheme is presented.

Aircraft lighting means compatible with a night vision imaging system

Abstract: The invention concerns lighting means compatible with a light-intensifying night vision imaging system, comprising at least an electroluminescent source of polychromatic white light (15) with high radiant energy in violet/blue wavelength band of and with low residual energy in red wavelength band.

Night blindness precipitated by isotretinoin in the setting of hypovitaminosis A

Abstract: A 16-year-old male developed night blindness 2 weeks after starting isotretinoin at a dose of 20 mg per day for cystic acne He also had cystic fibrosis, complicated by hepatic cirrhosis Despite long-term oral vitamin A supplementation, serum vitamin A levels were found to be 03 mumol/L (normal range 09-25 mumol/L) Oral vitamin A replacement was instituted with resolution of his visual symptoms in 6 months Isotretinoin therapy was successfully continued with no deterioration in liver function Isotretinoin has been reported to cause deterioration in night vision In vitro evidence suggests isotretinoin may interfere with the processing of endogenous vitamin A in the retina This case highlights the need for careful monitoring of serum vitamin A status in patients with malabsorptive states on isotretinoin therapy

Portable night vision goggle haze and transmissivity measurement device

Abstract: Device and method are described for measuring transmissivity and haze in transparencies as detected through night vision goggles, including an emitter portion and a sensor portion, the emitter portion including a first light source for presenting an image to the sensor portion through the transparency and a second light source for projecting a haze producing light onto the transparency, the sensor portion including a light intensifier tube and a photometer for measuring the luminance output of the light intensifier tube and quantifying attenuation (transmissivity) and haze (light scatter) characteristics of the transparency as viewed through night vision goggles.

Feature and data-level fusion of infrared and visual images

Abstract: In both military and civilian applications, increasing interest is being shown in fusing infrared and vision images for improved situational awareness. In previous work, the authors have developed a fusion method for combining the thermal and vision images into a single image emphasizing the most salient features of the surrounding environment. This approach is based on the assumption that although the thermal and vision data are uncorrelated, they are complementary and can be fused using a suitable disjunctive function. This paper, as a continuation of that work, will describe the development of an information based real-time data level fusion method. In addition, applicability of the algorithms that we developed for data level fusion to feature level techniques (e.g., shapes, lines, and edges) will be investigated.

Night vision lighting system for use in vehicles

Abstract: A vehicle lighting system providing lighting for an instrument panel generating light having a wave length, such as white light, which does not interfere with night goggle vision systems. The system comprises a portable housing, a battery pack, and an plurality of cables extending outwardly from the housing to a plurality of light-emitting elements providing white light proximate each of the plurality of vehicle instruments.

Use of electron cyclotron resonance plasmas to prepare CdZnTe (211)B substrates for HgCdTe molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract: Without any additional preparation, Cd1−yZnyTe (211)B (y∼3.5%) wafers were cleaned by exposure to an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) Ar/H2 plasma and used as substrates for HgCdTe molecular beam epitaxy. Auger electron spectra were taken from as-received wafers, conventionally prepared wafers (bromine: methanol etching, followed by heating to 330–340°C), and wafers prepared under a variety of ECR process conditions. Surfaces of as-received wafers contained ∼1.5 monolayers of contaminants (oxygen, carbon, and chlorine). Conventionally prepared wafers had ∼1/4 monolayer of carbon contamination, as well as excess tellurium and/or excess zinc depending on the heating process used. Auger spectra from plasma-treated CdZnTe wafers showed surfaces free from contamination, with the expected stoichiometry. Stoichiometry and surface cleanliness were insensitive to the duration of plasma exposure (2–20 s) and to changes in radio frequency input power (20–100 W). Reflection high energy electron diffraction patterns were streaked indicating microscopically smooth and ordered surfaces. The smoothness of plasma-etched CdZnTe wafers was further confirmed ex situ using interferometric microscopy. Surface roughness values of ∼0.4 nm were measured. Characteristics of HgCdTe epilayers deposited on wafers prepared with plasma and conventional etching were found to be comparable. For these epilayers, etch pit densities on the order of 105 cm−2 have been achieved. ECR Ar/H2 plasma cleaning is now utilized at Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate as the baseline CdZnTe surface preparation technique.

The role of color and false color in object recognition with degraded and non-degraded images

Abstract: : Recent technological advances in the design and manufacturing of night vision multispectral sensors now allow spatially registered imagery provided by each of the sensors to be combined within a single fused image for display to an end user. The product is a multispectral false colored rendering of the imaged scene. The use of false color in fused imagery may facilitate object recognition, providing contour information of the objects present in the scene, but incongruently colored fused imagery, may be disruptive of perceptual performance. This study investigated if the use of false color imagery compared to natural color, imagery was helpful or not in object recognition. Subjects' reaction times (RTs) and error rates were measured in a standard naming task. Stimuli consisted of photographs of food objects that had been manipulated in color (natural color, false color, natural grayscale, and false grayscale) and noise (three levels). The results of the experiment showed similar differences in RTs between color images (natural or false) and their grayscale counterparts at different levels of noise, indicating that both color conditions were similarly helpful in object recognition. These results give an indication that false color may be useful in multispectral sensors based on its facilitation of image segmentation with shape degraded images.

Reproducibility of Night Vision Goggle Visual Acuity Measurements Using Landolt C's

Abstract: : The main purpose of the study was to determine reproducibility limits of night vision goggle (NVG) acuity measurement under relatively high and low illumination levels. Psychometric acuity functions of three observers were repeatedly measured using Landolt C's as stimuli. The reproducibility limits of the Snellen acuity value (20/xx) relating to 50, 75 and 95% correct (adjusted for chance) were then determined. Reproducibility limit is defined as approximately 95% of all pairs of replications (20/xx) from the same illuminance and same observer, generated on different days, should differ in absolute value by less than the reproducibility limit. It was determined that for the lower illumination (8.61E-4 lux) at 50% corrected for chance probability level, the reproducibility limit was 5.1 Snellen acuity (20/xx) and for the higher illumination (1.38E- 2 lux), 2.5 Snellen acuity. These limits were 17% and 13% of mean acuity, respectively.

Radiating device for a night vision aid system for vehicle

Abstract: The light source for night vision is integrated with a signaling lamp on the vehicle. The source has a lamp (4) emitting white light which is passed through a filter (10) to emit a mixture of white light and infrared light with wavelengths in the range 800 to 1200 nm. The intensity of white light is less than 2000 Cd, and the intensity of the infrared light is greater than 25 W/sr.

Modeling of an active TV system for surveillance operations

Abstract: Night vision capability has become an indispensable tool for military and civilian surveillance operations. Low-light- level television (LLLTV) and Forward-Looking-IR (FLIR) devices have long been used for these applications. Nevertheless, both have their shortcomings when the identification of the target is essential for the success of the mission. LLLTV cannot provide god image resolution in ultra low-light level conditions and is very sensitivity to parasitic light. FLIR system have poor resolution when the temperature difference contrast conditions are not met.

Multilayered film filter

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a multilayered film filter which is formed on a glass bulb surface such as a halogen lamp for night vision and which selectively transmits the wavelength region of IR rays. SOLUTION: The multilayered film filter 2 is produced by alternately laminating high refractive index films 2a and low refractive index films 2b each having the optical film thickness controlled to λ/4 so that the center wavelength λof the light to be reflected ranges 600 to 900 nm. At least one layer of the high refractive index films 2a consists of a light-absorbing film 3 having such characteristics that the upper limit of absorption characteristics for light is present in a 600 to 1000 nm wavelength region and that the film absorbs light at wavelengths under the upper limit. Thus, an IR-transmitting multilayered film filter 2 which certainly cuts visible rays in a 380 to 780 nm wavelength range and which can transmit IR rays in >=800 nm wavelength with high transmittance characteristics, can be realized with a small number of films.