Showing papers on "Nitrobenzene published in 2015"
TL;DR: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been found to activate persulfates (i.e., peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate) into reactive species that are capable of oxidizing organic compounds in water.
529 citations
TL;DR: Solid-state luminescent properties of the new solvent-induced metal-organic frameworks showed high selectivity and sensitivity for Cu(2+) ions and nitrobenzene because of the quenching effect, which thus could make it a potential crystalline material for detecting these substances.
Abstract: Three new solvent-induced metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)—[Cd(H2L)(H2O)3]·NMP (1), [Cd3(L)(H2O)4(OH)2] (2) and [Cd(L)0.5(H2O)]·H2O (3)—were designed and successfully prepared via solvothermal reaction by multidentate phenyltetracarboxylic acid [1,1′:4′,1′′-terphenyl]-2′,3,3′′,5′-tetracarboxylic acid (H4L) and Cd(II) salts in various solvent systems. Structural analyses indicated that the H2L/L ligands took three different coordination fashions in 1–3, and thus resulted in diversity of the targeted MOFs. Solid-state luminescent properties of the three MOFs were studied under ultraviolet light irradiation at ambient temperature; 3 in particular showed high selectivity and sensitivity for Cu2+ ions and nitrobenzene because of the quenching effect, which thus could make it a potential crystalline material for detecting these substances. The mechanisms of the quenching effect and sensing properties of 3 are discussed in detail.
199 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an Ag(I)/tetraphosphine coordination polymer [Ag 4 (NO 3 ) 4 (dpppda)] n ( 1 ) has been shown to have good catalytic activity towards the photodegradation of nitrobenzene.
Abstract: Reaction of AgNO 3 with one tetraphosphine ligand, 1,4- N , N , N ′, N ′-tetra(diphenylphosphanylmethyl) benzene diamine (dpppda), gave rise to a Ag(I)/tetraphosphine coordination polymer [Ag 4 (NO 3 ) 4 (dpppda)] n ( 1 ). Compound 1 has a one-dimensional (1D) chain structure in which the chair-like [Ag 4 (NO 3 ) 4 ] cores are linked by the dpppda ligands using a Z-shaped μ - η 2 : η 2 side-by-side mode. Compound 1 exhibited good catalytic activity towards the photodegradation of nitrobenzene (NB), paranitrophenol (PNP) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) in aqueous solution under UV light irradiation. The kinetics and the mechanism of such catalytic photodegradation reactions were also investigated. The present work provided some new insight into the design and preparation of new coordination polymers as catalyst for high-performance photodegradation of toxic and persistent organic species existed in industrial wastewaters.
127 citations
TL;DR: Aniline exhibits the highest contribution coefficients in both hydrophobic and hydrophilic zones of GO among the three measured AOCs due to its good water solubility and facile formation of hydrogen bonds.
Abstract: In this work, graphene oxide (GO) has been employed as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of three aromatic organic compounds (AOCs), namely, aniline, nitrobenzene, and chlorobenzene, from water under various initial AOC concentrations and pH levels. Based on the characteristics of surface structures of GO, a simple semiquantitative model has been provided to describe the intrinsic adsorption behavior of GO to AOCs. Accordingly, the adsorption mechanism has been discussed in detail at molecular levels. The contribution coefficients derived from the proposed model indicate that the most preferential interactions between GO and AOCs are hydrophobic interactions (π–π stacking and hydrophobic effect) that occur on graphitic zones of GO (unoxidized region). In the oxidized region, there also exist the hydrophobic interactions on sp2 clusters, although they may be hindered by surrounding sp3 zones which are the most unfavorable and are only accessible to AOCs through hydrogen bonding or electrostatic effect...
121 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a highly stable MOF luminescent switch {Cd3(L)(bipy)2·4DMA}n (1) has been successfully constructed, which exhibits clear fluorescence enhancement and quenching responses for benzene and nitrobenzene vapors, respectively, with high selectivity and sensitivity, as well as being fully reusable.
Abstract: In this work, a highly stable MOF luminescent switch {Cd3(L)(bipy)2·4DMA}n (1) has been successfully constructed, which exhibits clear fluorescence enhancement and “turn-off” quenching responses for benzene and nitrobenzene vapors, respectively, with high selectivity and sensitivity, as well as being fully reusable. Remarkably, the porous MOF (1) remains intact in aqueous solution over an extensive pH range of 2–13. This MOF sensor realizes fast detection for benzene vapor with a response time of less than one minute and ∼8-fold fluorescence enhancement. Furthermore, it as a porous multifunctional MOF also shows fully reversible adsorption behaviour for benzene vapor at room temperature. Thus the MOF material will be a promising luminescent sensor and adsorbent material for benzene vapor with important practical applications from environmental and health points of view.
95 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of solvent polarity and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of adsorbents on adsorption was analyzed in liquid phase adsorptions.
Abstract: In order to understand the effect of solvent polarity and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of adsorbents on adsorption, aromatic compounds with very low acidity or basicity were adsorbed over two highly porous adsorbents, a metal–organic framework (MOF, MIL-101) and activated carbon (AC). Thiophene, pyrrole, and nitrobenzene were tested in liquid-phase adsorptions to estimate possible applications of the adsorbents in adsorptive desulfurization (ADS), adsorptive denitrogenation (ADN), and water purification, respectively. MIL-101 adsorbed the three adsorbates more effectively with decreasing solvent polarity, and AC with increasing solvent polarity. This behavior can be explained by the hydrophilicity of MIL-101 and hydrophobicity of AC, which was confirmed by measuring the hydrophobicity indexes. The preferential adsorptions of the adsorbates over MOF might be explained by polar interactions and AC by hydrophobic interactions. Moreover, it can be concluded that MOFs, especially hydrophilic ones, can be effe...
90 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the aniline contaminants could be almost entirely eliminated by means of sonoelectro-activated persulfate oxidation, in which sulfate radicals served as principal oxidizing agents, of which amounts were significantly elevated with assistance of acoustic streams.
85 citations
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report novel catalysts for nitrobenzene hydrogenation based on Ru/RuO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and including iron oxide NPs, allowing magnetic recovery.
Abstract: Here we report novel catalysts for nitrobenzene hydrogenation based on Ru/RuO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and including iron oxide NPs, allowing magnetic recovery. The solvent type, reaction temperature, and the size and composition of initial iron oxide NPs are demonstrated to be the control factors determining synthesis outcomes including the degree of NP aggregation and catalytic properties. A complete characterization of the catalysts using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) allowed assessment of the structure–property relationships. It is revealed that coexistence of the Ru/RuO2 and iron oxide NPs in the catalyst as well as the proximity of two different NP types lead to significantly higher aniline yields and reaction rates. The catalytic properties are also influenced by the type of iron oxide NPs present in the catalytic samples.
81 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report novel catalysts for nitrobenzene hydrogenation based on Ru/RuO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and including iron oxide NPs, allowing magnetic recovery.
75 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an advanced mechanistic model for the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene and aniline was presented, together with findings on the coadsorption of the nitro group on the Ru/CNT catalyst.
Abstract: The concurrent hydrogenation of aromatic and nitro groups poses particular challenges due to the highly differing adsorption strengths of the two chemical moieties on the surfaces of metal catalysts. In a study of the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene as a model reaction, catalysts of ruthenium supported on carbon nanotubes (Ru/CNT) provided an ideal compromise, allowing for hydrogenation of both the aromatic ring and the nitro group. The use of methyl-labeled substrates enabled tracking the pathway of specific substrates and obtaining insight into the relative rates for the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene and intermediates. Together with findings on the coadsorption of nitrobenzene and aniline on the Ru/CNT catalyst, an advanced mechanistic model for the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene emerges.
73 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new reaction scheme for the heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene was proposed based on the experimental observations of the reaction mixture inspired the hypothesis that a C6H5-NO(H) moiety is formed on the catalyst surface and it undergoes further condensation to azoxybenzenes (AOB) releasing water.
Abstract: Hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (NB) was carried out in methanol solutions (initial concentration 0.8 mol l−1) over a Pd/C catalyst (3 wt.% of Pd; reaction mixture contained 2.2 mg Pd l−1) over the pressure range of 2–4 MPa and temperature 30–70 °C in a laboratory scale batch reactor. Zero order kinetics was observed at hydrogen pressures above 2 MPa Under applied experimental conditions the apparent activation energy was 35 ± 1 kJ mol−1. A detailed analysis of the reaction mixture inspired the hypothesis that a C6H5–NO(H) moiety is formed on the catalyst surface and it undergoes further condensation to azoxybenzene (AOB) releasing water. However, very low concentrations of azobenzene (AB) and hydrazobenzene (HAB) in the reaction mixture indicate that the reaction route to the formation of aniline by hydrogenation of AOB to AB, hydrazobenzene (HAB) and subsequent hydrogenolysis to AN is of low probability. Hydrogenolysis of AOB to C6H5–NO(H) and C6H5–N(H), where the latter is hydrogenated to AN, is more likely. Based on the experimental observations a new reaction scheme for the heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of NB was proposed.
TL;DR: It is found that chemically reduced (dithionite) iron-bearing clay minerals reduced nitrobenzene more rapidly than biologically reduced iron- bearing clay minerals despite the minerals having similar structural Fe(II) concentrations.
Abstract: Iron-bearing clay minerals are ubiquitous in the environment, and the clay–Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox couple plays important roles in abiotic reduction of several classes of environmental contaminants. We investigated the role of Fe-bearing clay minerals on the bioreduction of nitrobenzene. In experiments with Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 and excess electron donor, we found that the Fe-bearing clay minerals montmorillonite SWy-2 and nontronite NAu-2 enhanced nitrobenzene bioreduction. On short time scales (<50 h), nitrobenzene reduction was primarily biologically driven, but at later time points, nitrobenzene reduction by biologically formed structural Fe(II) in the clay minerals became increasingly important. We found that chemically reduced (dithionite) iron-bearing clay minerals reduced nitrobenzene more rapidly than biologically reduced iron-bearing clay minerals despite the minerals having similar structural Fe(II) concentrations. We also found that chemically reduced NAu-2 reduced nitrobenzene faster as c...
TL;DR: Several effective PSGs have been developed from a series of glucose-based compounds for the removal of aniline and nitrobenzene from their biphasic mixtures with water via a simple shaking strategy at room temperature within 1 min this article.
Abstract: Several effective PSGs have been developed from a series of glucose-based compounds for the removal of aniline and nitrobenzene from their biphasic mixtures with water via a simple shaking strategy at room temperature within 1 min. The morphologies of the gels formed in aniline and nitrobenzene in the absence or presence of a large amount of water have been examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The dominant factors that drive gelation in the case of the gelator and aniline or nitrobenzene have been studied using FT-IR, concentration-dependent 1H NMR, and XRD. Additionally, the efficient purification of toxic dye solutions has been realized by using one of these gelators as the adsorbent in a gel column. And the corresponding xerogel can also be used for efficient dye removal. HPLC and UV/vis spectroscopy provide the quantification means for the estimation of the purification efficacy. The easy-to-implement performance and high removal efficiency of the organic pollutants from water indicate the potential and promising applicability of these organogelators in water purification.
TL;DR: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) functionalized carbon nanotubes exhibited better catalytic performance than their nitric acid oxidized counterparts in the reduction of nitrobenzene.
Abstract: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) functionalized carbon nanotubes exhibited better catalytic performance than their nitric acid oxidized counterparts in the reduction of nitrobenzene. One important reason may be attributed to the notably less negative oxygenated groups on the surface of the former one.
TL;DR: In this paper, the photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzene (NB) under UV-VIS irradiation with un-doped TiO2 and various heavy metals dopedTiO2 powders were studied for aerated solutions.
TL;DR: Photocatalytic solvent-free hydroxylation of benzene derivatives with electron-withdrawing substituents used as neat solvents has been achieved for the first time by using DDQ as a super photooxidant to yield the corresponding phenol derivatives and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanohydroquinone (DDQH2 ) in the presence of water under deaerated conditions.
Abstract: Photoinduced hydroxylation of neat deaerated benzene to phenol occurred under visible-light irradiation of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ), which acts as a super photooxidant in the presence of water. Photocatalytic solvent-free hydroxylation of benzene derivatives with electron-withdrawing substituents such as benzonitrile, nitrobenzene, and trifluoromethylbenzene used as neat solvents has been achieved for the first time by using DDQ as a super photooxidant to yield the corresponding phenol derivatives and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanohydroquinone (DDQH2 ) in the presence of water under deaerated conditions. In the presence of dioxygen and tert-butyl nitrite, the photocatalytic hydroxylation of neat benzene occurred with DDQ as a photocatalyst to produce phenol. The photocatalytic reactions are initiated by oxidation of benzene derivatives with the singlet and triplet excited states of DDQ to form the corresponding radical cations, which associate with benzene derivatives to produce the dimer radical cations, which were detected by the femto- and nanosecond laser flash photolysis measurements to clarify the photocatalytic reaction mechanisms. Radical cations of benzene derivatives react with water to yield the OH-adduct radicals. On the other hand, DDQ(.) (-) produced by the photoinduced electron transfer from benzene derivatives reacts with the OH-adduct radicals to yield the corresponding phenol derivatives and DDQH2 . DDQ is recovered by the reaction of DDQH2 with tert-butyl nitrite when DDQ acts as a photocatalyst for the hydroxylation of benzene derivatives by dioxygen.
TL;DR: In this article, a Cd(II)-based metal-organic framework was successfully constructed from a new flexible antler-like multidentate ditopic ligand (H4L).
Abstract: A Cd(II)-based metal–organic framework, {[Cd2L(H2O)2]·DMF·H2O}n (1), has been successfully constructed from a new flexible antler-like multidentate ditopic ligand (H4L). This metal–organic framework shows highly sensitive fluorescence sensing of nitrobenzene.
TL;DR: In this article, a new synthesis method was developed to prepare WO3-Ag hybrid nanowires for photocatalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (NB) to aniline.
TL;DR: 467-MOF exhibits superior thermal and chemical stability and shows high CO2 sorption selectivity over H2 , with a selectivity, based on the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) of approximately 45 at 273 or 293 K.
Abstract: A unique Al(III) -based metal-organic framework (467-MOF) with two types of square channels has been designed and synthesized by using a flexible tricarboxylate ligand under solvothermal conditions. 467-MOF exhibits superior thermal and chemical stability and, moreover, shows high CO2 sorption selectivity over H2 , with a selectivity, based on the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) of approximately 45 at 273 or 293 K. Furthermore, its solvent-dependent photoluminescence makes it an applicable sensor in the detection of nitrobenzene explosives through fluorescence quenching.
TL;DR: Investigation of mechanism confirms that the increasing amount of ultrasonic fields yields the increase in cavitation activity that improves the mass transfer and decomposition of ozone, resulting in acceleration of OH initiation, which determines the degradation of nitrobenzene in aqueous solution.
TL;DR: In this paper, two CPs composed of tripodal linkers, BTC (1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) and TIB (TIB) were synthesized via solvothermal route and structurally characterized.
TL;DR: The P25 TiO2 particles successfully promote tandem photocatalytic and catalytic reactions on the respective rutile and anatase particles, thus producing imines with very high yields.
Abstract: Photoirradiation (λ > 300 nm) of Degussa (Evonik) P25 TiO2, a mixture of anatase and rutile particles, in alcohols containing nitroaromatics at room temperature produces the corresponding imines with very high yields (80-96%). Other commercially available anatase or rutile TiO2 particles, however, exhibit very low yields (<30%). The imine formation involves two step reactions on the TiO2 surface: (i) photocatalytic oxidation of alcohols (aldehyde formation) and reduction of nitrobenzene (aniline formation) and (ii) condensation of the formed aldehyde and aniline on the Lewis acid sites (imine formation). The respective anatase and rutile particles were isolated from P25 TiO2 by the H2O2/NH3 and HF treatments to clarify the activity of these two step reactions. Photocatalysis experiments revealed that the active sites for photocatalytic reactions on P25 TiO2 are the rutile particles, promoting efficient reduction of nitrobenzene on the surface defects. In contrast, catalysis experiments showed that the anatase particles isolated from P25 TiO2 exhibit very high activity for condensation of aldehyde and aniline, because the number of Lewis acid sites on the particles (73 μmol g(-1)) is much higher than that of other commercially available anatase or rutile particles (<15 μmol g(-1)). The P25 TiO2 particles therefore successfully promote tandem photocatalytic and catalytic reactions on the respective rutile and anatase particles, thus producing imines with very high yields.
TL;DR: A microporous metal-organic framework (FJU-12) was constructed using 1,2,4-triazole-based dodecanuclear metal coordination cages as supermolecular building blocks as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A microporous metal–organic framework (FJU-12), {[Cd12(Trz)8(DMF)2(H2O)4](BDC)9}·2(Me2NH2)·4DMF·16H2O (Trz = 1,2,4-triazole, BDC = terephthalic acid, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide), was rationally constructed using unprecedented lantern-like 1,2,4-triazole-based dodecanuclear metal coordination cages as supermolecular building blocks. After activation, FJU-12a exhibits highly selective adsorption of C2 compound/CH4 mixtures and efficient sensing of nitrobenzene (NB). The selectivity (79.7) of C2H2/CH4 is comparable to the most selective Cu-TDPAT (82, TDPAT = 2,4,6-tris(3,5-dicarboxylphenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine).
TL;DR: In this paper, periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to systematically investigate the adsorption and hydrogenation mechanism of nitrobenzene to aniline on Pd3/Pt(111) bimetallic surface.
Abstract: Periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to systematically investigate the adsorption and hydrogenation mechanism of nitrobenzene to aniline on Pd3/Pt(111) bimetallic surface. The adsorption energies under the most stable configuration of the pertinent species are analyzed, and the activation energies and reaction energies of the possible elementary reactions are obtained. Our calculation results show that the adsorption at the Pd-top-top site through O–O atom is the most stable configuration when the nitrobenzene is perpendicular to the Pd3/Pt(111) bimetallic surface. The hydrogenation mechanism of nitrobenzene on Pd3/Pt(111) bimetallic surface preferentially follows the direct hydrogenation route and fits best the Jackson reaction mechanism. Furthermore, the hydrogenation processes are almost exothermic and the hydrogenation of phenylhydroxylamine is considered as the rate-limiting step with an energetic barrier of 39.89 kcal mol−1.
TL;DR: In this article, the integration of the efficient conversion of nitrobenzene to aniline and transformation of glycerol to valuable chemicals driven by UV-light using Pd/TiO2 as the catalyst and water as the solvent at ambient temperature.
Abstract: Both effective utilization of glycerol and reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline are of great importance It is very interesting to integrate these processes This work reports the integration of the efficient conversion of nitrobenzene to aniline and transformation of glycerol to valuable chemicals driven by UV-light using Pd/TiO2 as the catalyst and water as the solvent at ambient temperature In this integrated reaction process, glycerol acted as the hydrogen source for the reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline and the glycerol was converted into value-added chemicals simultaneously At the optimized conditions, nitrobenzene could be converted completely with aniline selectivity of 95% with a nitrobenzene to glycerol mole ratio of 1 : 5 At the same time, glycerol was oxidized to form fine chemicals, including 1,3-dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde, formic acid, and hydroxyacetic acid This work opens up a new and effective way for transformation of glycerol to fine chemicals and production of aniline from nitrobenzene
TL;DR: An acid-resistant catalyst composed of nickel embedded in N-doped porous carbon is developed for the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to p-aminophenol.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, Ag-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-allyl acetic acid) hybrid microgels were synthesized in aqueous medium by free radical emulsion polymerization.
Abstract: Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-allyl acetic acid) [p(NIPAM-co-AAAc)] microgels were synthesized in aqueous medium by free radical emulsion polymerization using N-isopropylacrylamide as monomer, allylacetic acid as comonomer, and N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide as cross-linker. Silver nanoparticles were fabricated inside the microgels by in situ reduction of silver ions. Microgels were analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, TEM, and DLS. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy. UV-visible spectra of the Ag-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-allyl acetic acid) hybrid microgels showed a prominent absorption peak at about 411 nm. This peak was due to the surface plasmon resonance effect of silver nanoparticles. The hybrid microgels were used as catalyst for the reduction of nitroarenes. The reduction reactions were found to be first order with respect to nitroarenes with the values of apparent rate constant (k$_{app})$ equal to 0.248, 0.215, and 0.089 min$^{-1}$ for 4-nitrophenol, 4-nitroaniline, and nitrobenzene respectively at 27 $^{\circ}$C in aqueous medium. Silver nanoparticles were found to be a more effective and efficient catalyst for reduction of 4-nitrophenol and 4-nitroaniline as compared to nitrobenzene.
TL;DR: In this paper, the SrFeO3-delta was synthesized by a solution combustion method and applied for the photocatalytic degradation of aqueous nitrobenzene in the presence and absence of H2O2.
Abstract: In this article, the SrFeO3-delta photocatalyst was synthesized by a solution combustion method and applied for the photocatalytic degradation of aqueous nitrobenzene in the presence and absence of H2O2. The SrFeO3-delta photocatalyst was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, TEM, TG-DTG, XPS, and UV visible spectroscopy. The band gap energy of SrFeO3-delta was found to be 3.75 eV which lies in the UV region. The XPS results indicate that the oxidation state of Sr and Fe in SrFeO3-delta was 2+ and 3+, respectively, and the surface atomic ratio of Sr and Fe is 0.995. The photocatalytic activity reveals that the degradation of nitrobenzene over the SrFeO3-delta catalyst itself (UV/SFO) is superior compared to SrFeO3-delta in the presence of H2O2 (UV/SFO/H2O2) with a degradation efficiency of 99-96%. The degradation of nitrobenzene obeys first-order kinetics in both UV/SFO and UV/SFO/H2O2 processes. The decrease in degradation efficiency with UV/SFO/H2O2 was attributed due to the formation of strontium carbonate on the photocatalyst surface.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Pt/MIL-101 and inorganic mesoporous composites Al 2 O 3 @SBA-15 supported metal organic-framework MIL-101 was used for liquid phase hydrogenation of 3-chloro-nitrobenzene.
Abstract: Metal organic-framework MIL-101 and inorganic mesoporous composites Al 2 O 3 @SBA-15 supported Pt catalysts, Pt/MIL-101 and Pt/Al 2 O 3 @SBA-15 catalysts, were prepared and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), N 2 adsorption–desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), CO chemisorption and thermo-gravimetric (TG) analysis. Pt nanoparticles were highly dispersed on both supports. In liquid-phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene, benzaldehyde and their derivatives, the Pt/MIL-101 catalyst was superior to the Pt/Al 2 O 3 @SBA-15 catalyst in water. For liquid-phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene with the Pt/MIL-101 catalyst, owing to high solubility of nitrobenzene in ethanol, the reaction in ethanol went much faster than that in water, furnishing a turnover frequency (TOF) in ethanol up to 18,053 h −1 , almost triple of that obtained in water under similar conditions. The highest TOF of 25,438 h −1 was obtained in ethanol for hydrogenation of 3-chloro-nitrobenzene with the Pt/MIL-101 catalyst. As for hydrogenation of benzaldehyde series, 2-fluoro-benzaldehyde and 3-fluoro-benzaldehyde gave the highest TOFs of 5146 h −1 and 3165 h −1 in water with the Pt/MIL-101 and Pt/Al 2 O 3 @SBA-15 catalysts, respectively. We deduce that surface property of MIL-101 with high hydrophobicity is helpful to enrich reactants around the Pt/MIL-101 catalyst in water, where nitrobenzene or benzaldehyde and its derivatives have a limited solubility, so that high catalytic performance was achieved with the Pt/MIL-101 catalyst in water. Of particular note is that the Pt/MIL-101 catalyst can be reused at least four times without loss in activity or selectivity.
TL;DR: In this article, a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) combined anaerobic reactor with a pair of Fe- carbon electrodes (R1) was designed to reduce Nitrobenzene (NB) to less-toxic and biodegradable aniline (AN).