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Nitrobenzene

About: Nitrobenzene is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5285 publications have been published within this topic receiving 83368 citations. The topic is also known as: essence of mirbane & nitrobenzol.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, nano-TiO 2 particles prepared by the sol-gel method were used as catalyst for the degradation of nitrobenzene by ozone, and the mechanism of catalytic ozonation was also discussed.
Abstract: Nano-TiO 2 particles prepared by the sol–gel method were used as catalyst for the degradation of nitrobenzene by ozone. Catalyst samples were characterized by measuring the specific area ( S BET ), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Removal efficiency of nitrobenzene (NB) was significantly promoted in the presence of catalyst compared with ozone alone. TiO 2 calcined at 500 °C showed the best activity. Different experimental conditions like catalyst dose, ozone dosage, initial nitrobenzene and pH have been examined. The mechanism of catalytic ozonation was also discussed. Both ozonation and catalytic ozonation were significantly influenced by carbonate and tert -butyl alcohol, which confirmed that TiO 2 -catalyzed ozonation follows a radical-type mechanism. And hydroxyl radicals were truly identified by spin-trapping/EPR technique.

195 citations

Book
05 Dec 1995
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a detailed overview of the advanced Oxidation process in the context of photo-electrochemical reactions and their application in the field of photoelectrochemicals.
Abstract: Introduction: Advanced Oxidation Processes. Mechanisms: eaq-, 102, .OH and Peroyxy Radicals. Sensitized Excitation. Semiconductor Promoted Photooxidation. Experimental Techniques. Inorganic Ions and Molecules: Water and Hydrogen Peroxide. Halide Ions. Nitrogen Compounds. Phosphorus Oxyanions. Sulfur Oxyanions and Sulfide. Heavy Metal Ions. Organo-Metallic Compounds. Hydrocarbon Derivatives: Aliphatic Compounds. Aromatic and Other Cyclic Compounds. Long-Chain Compounds. Photo-induced Nitrosation and Nitration. Halocarbons: Aliphatic Halocarbons. Aromatic and Other Cyclic Compounds. Organic Nitrogen Compounds: Triazines. Amines, Amides, and Carbamates. Nitrobenzene and Nitrophenols. Bromoxynil and Choroxynil. Thymine. Triclopyr. Fenarimol. Flavins. Catecholamines. Dyes. Polycyclic Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles. Organic Phosphorus Compounds: Homogenous Photolysis. Heterogenous Photodegradation. Organic Sulfur Compounds Natural and Waste Waters: Natural Transformations in Freshwater and Oceans. Treatment of Polluted Groundwater. Treatment of Waste Water. Photodynamic Sterilization. Concentrated Sunlight. Evaluation and Future Trends: Photodegradation Compared with Other Methods. Cost estimates, Energetics, and Conclusions. References Index THis TOC has 3 levels: Introduction Advanced Oxidation Processes Mechanisms: eaq-, 102, .OH and Peryoxy Radicals Sensitized Excitation Semiconductor-Promoted Photooxidation Primary Reaction Steps Kinetic Models Role of Oxygen Direct and Indirect Photodegradations Zeta Potentials and Surface Properties Catalyst Preparations Surface Density of OH Groups in TiO2 Particles Quantum Yields and Turnover Numbers Experimental Techniques Reactor Design Laser and Excimer Light Sources Light-Dark Cycling Concentrated Sunlight Photoelectrochemical Reactions Inorganic Ions and Molecules Water and Hydrogen Peroxide Halide Ions Nitrogen Compounds Phosphorus Oxyanions Sulfur Oxyanions and Sulfide Heavy Metal Ions Organo-Metallic Compounds Hydrocarbon Derivatives Aliphatic Compounds Homogenous Photolysis Heterogenous Photodegradation Aromatic and Other Cyclic Compounds Homogenous Photolysis Heterogenous Photodegradation Oil Spills Long-Chain Compounds Surfactants Lignin Sulfonates and Kraft Wastewater Phthalate Esters Polymers Photoinduced Nitrosation and Nitration Halocarbons Aliphatic Halocarbons Aromatic and Other Cyclic Halocarbons Haloaromatics Halogenophenols Polychlorinated Dioxins, Dibenzofurans, and Biphenyls Halocarbon Pesticides Organic Nitrogen Compounds s-Triazines Amines, Amides, and Carbamates Nitrobenzene and Nitrophenols Bromoxynil and Chloroxynil Thymine Triclopyr Fenarimol Flavins Catecholamines Dyes Azo Dyes Tannery Dyes Dyes in Municipal Wastewater Methyl Violet Methyl Viologen Polycyclic Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles Organic Phosphorus Compounds Homogenous Photolysis Heterogenous Photodegradation Organic Sulfur Compounds Natural and Waste Waters Natural Transformations in Freshwater and Oceans Treatment of Polluted Groundwater Treatment of Wastewater Photodynamic Sterilization Concentrated Sunlight Evaluation and Future Trends Photodegradation Compared with Other Methods Ozonation Biodegradation Radiolysis Ultrasonics Corona Discharge Electrochemical Oxidation Oxidation in Supercritical Water Cost Estimates, Energetics, and Conclusions Cost Estimates Energy Requirement Evaluation Future Trends References Index

195 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the reverse sequence of events is observed: chemisorption of Ag(CN)2- on silver particles, producing an excess positive charge inside the particles, followed by complete reduction of the Ag+ ions of the adsorbed complexes by excess electrons that are deposited by a reducing reagent (i.e., organic radicals generated radiolytically).
Abstract: Colloidal silver particles (3-nm diameter) are oxidized in the absence of air by organic and inorganic electron acceptors (such as nitrobenzene, methylviologen, nitropyridine oxide, and hexacyanoferrateIII) when nucleophilic reagents (such as CN- and SH-) are present in the solution. The mechanism of catalyzed metal oxidation proposed previously,2 according to which the interaction of surface atoms with the nucleophiles leads to an excess negative charge in the metal interior which can be picked up by the electron acceptors, explains the observed phenomena. This mechanism contains reversible steps. An experiment is reported in which the reverse sequence of events is observed: chemisorption of Ag(CN)2- on silver particles, producing an excess positive charge inside the particles, followed by complete reduction of the Ag+ ions of the adsorbed complexes by excess electrons that are deposited by a reducing reagent (i.e., organic radicals generated radiolytically). Ag(CN)2- ions in solution are not reduced by radicals. © 1991 American Chemical Society.

194 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: 1H NMR experiments showed molecular complexation in chloroform between NBZ and model graphene polycyclic aromatic units (naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene) which was absent for BEN and TOL, which is used to support the existence of pi-pi electron donor-acceptor interactions betweenNBZ (electron acceptor) and the poly cyclic aromatic charcoal surface (Electron donor) as the cause of enhanced NBZ sorption.
Abstract: Charcoal, the residue of incomplete biomass burning that is found in many soils and sediments, is considered a high affinity sorbent for organic pollutants However, little is known about the microscopic processes controlling sorption The purpose of this study was to gain molecular-scale insight into the sorption on a charcoal of three weakly soluble aromatic compounds [benzene (BEN), toluene (TOL), and nitrobenzene (NBZ)] by conducting both single-solute and bi-solute experiments The charcoal (420 m2 g-1) was produced from maple wood shavings by oxygen-limited pyrolysis at 673 K Solute affinity for charcoal followed the order NBZ > TOL > BEN Commonly employed sorption models did not adequately describe the single-solute isotherms Competition in both TOL−BEN and the TOL−NBZ bi-solute systems was strong Normalization of the isotherms for the hydrophobic driving force by using an existing free energy correlation between sorption and partitioning to an inert solvent (benzene or n-hexadecane) with a non

192 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Compared to those of conventional anaerobic biological methods for nitrobenzene removal, the required dosage of organic cosubstrate was significantly reduced in this system.
Abstract: Nitrobenzene occurs as a pollutant in wastewaters originating from numerous industrial and agricultural activities. It needs to be removed prior to discharge to sewage treatment works because of its high toxicity and persistence. In this study, we investigated the use of a bioelectrochemical system (BES) to remove nitrobenzene at a cathode coupled to microbial oxidation of acetate at an anode. Effective removal of nitrobenzene at rates up to 1.29 +/- 0.04 mol m(-3) TCC d(-1) (total cathodic compartment, TCC) was achieved with concomitant energy recovery. Correspondingly, the formation rate for the reduction product aniline was 1.14 +/- 0.03 mol m(-3) TCC d(-1). Nitrobenzene removal and aniline formation rates were significantly enhanced when the BES was supplied with power, reaching 8.57 +/- 0.03 and 6.68 +/- 0.03 mol m(-3) TCC d(-1), respectively, at an energy consumption of 17.06 +/- 0.16 W m(-3) TCC (current density at 59.5 A m(-3) TCC). Compared to those of conventional anaerobic biological methods for nitrobenzene removal, the required dosage of organic cosubstrate was significantly reduced in this system. Although aniline was always identified as the major product of nitrobenzene reduction at the cathode of BES in this study, the Coulombic efficiencies of nitrobenzene removal and aniline formation were dependent on the current density of the BES.

192 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023171
2022342
2021123
2020129
2019123
2018146