Showing papers on "Noise pollution published in 1975"
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of various levels of noise on simple helping behavior were explored in a laboratory and a field setting for a total of 132 subjects, and the results were interpreted on the basis of prior research suggesting that noiseproduced arousal leads to a restriction in attention deployment or cue utilization.
Abstract: The results of research dealing with the effects of nois, on intrapersonal behavior suggest a variety of possible consequences for interpersonal functiDning. The effects of various levels of noise on simple helping behavior were explored in a laboratory and a field setting for a total of 132 subjects. In botb experiments, subjects exposed to 8S-db. white noise were less likely than those in lower noise conditions to offer assistance to a person in need. The results were interpreted on the basis of prior research suggesting that noiseproduced arousal leads to a restriction in attention deployment or cue utilization. Alternative accounts in terms of the effect of noise on moDd and on drive level were also considered. The effect of noise on intrapersonal behavior has long been of interest to general experimental and physiological psyebologists, and tbe publicatian in recent years of a number of volumes on this topic (e.g., Broadbent, 1971; Kry ter, 1970; Welch & Weleb, 1970) attests to the significance tbat these issues are currently accorded. Public cancern over "noise pollution," congressiona1 legislatian dealing with permissible noise exposure levels in industrial settings, and work sueb as that at' Cameron, Robertson, and Zaks (1972), suggesting tbat noise may be associated with tbe incidence of
197 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an old riddle asked, "What comes with a carriage and goes with a car, is of no use to the car and yet the car cannot move without it?" The answer: "A noise".
Abstract: “An old riddle asked, ‘What comes with a carriage and goes with a carriage, is of no use to the carriage and yet the carriage cannot move without it?’ The answer: ‘A noise.’
90 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an investigation was conducted to determine subjective response to aircraft noise in different road traffic backgrounds, and two laboratory techniques for presenting the aircraft noise with the background noise were evaluated.
21 citations
01 Apr 1975
17 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a summary of the sources of rail traffic noise as well as various steps taken in noise attenuation is presented, including internal and external vehicle noise and structure-related noise.
15 citations
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured noise levels at 233 locations in the city of Chicago outside homes whose sale price was known and found that there is no appreciable nuisance value to noise levels below 50 dB and that the damages are related to the price of the home.
Abstract: : The value of noise attenuation policies depends upon the costs that noise imposes. There is little or no information on the medical or psychological impact that noise levels as low as those experienced near expressways (between 65 and 75 dBA) have on human health and well-being. Instead, the nuisance cost of noise was estimated by determining the decline in property values that could be attributed to the level of noise in a neighborhood. Noise levels were measured at 233 locations in the city of Chicago outside homes whose sale price was known. The noise index used corresponds to the new EPA measure of Equivalent Sound Level. The results of the analysis suggest that there is no appreciable nuisance value to noise levels below 50 dBA and that the level of damages are related to the price of the home.
15 citations
TL;DR: The Japanese National Railways is devoting efforts to environmental problems, particularly the noise and vibrations caused by Shinkansen trains as discussed by the authors, and techniques are being developed to minimize transmission of wheel-rail noise and that arising from vibration of structures.
10 citations
10 citations
01 Mar 1975
TL;DR: In this paper, flyover measurements of the airframe noise of AeroCommander, JetStar, CV-990, and B-747 aircraft are presented for both cruise and landing configurations.
Abstract: Flyover measurements of the airframe noise of AeroCommander, JetStar, CV-990, and B-747 aircraft are presented. Data are shown for both cruise and landing configurations. Correlations between airframe noise and aircraft parameters are developed and presented. The landing approach airframe noise for the test aircraft was approximately 10 EPNdB below present FAA certification requirements.
9 citations
[...]
TL;DR: A study of air, water, noise, and land pollution in Greater Manchester is described in this article, where trends, generally downwards, in overall pollution levels are reviewed and the determinants of these levels discussed.
Abstract: A study of air, water, noise and land pollution in Greater Manchester is described. Trends, generally downwards, in overall pollution levels are reviewed and the determinants of these levels discussed. The large variation in these determinants between the 71 local authorities which comprised Greater Manchester before reorganisation in April 1974 is reflected in the prevailing pollution levels. The differences in smoke and sulphur dioxide concentrations, average river and canal quality, traffic density (a measure of air and noise pollution from motor vehicles) and the proportion of land polluted by wastes are analysed. Disadvantaged areas, which experience the highest levels of most pollutants, are characterised by high population density, by high industrial activity and by low affluence. They generally appear to be affected by pollution exported by more affluent areas. It is recommended that increased attention be paid to the role of land use planning in controlling pollution and to the development of bro...
01 Apr 1975
TL;DR: In this article, a new approach is discussed for the study of the effects of aircraft noise on people who live near large airports, and a stress-reduction model is presented to provide a framework for studying the dynamics of human response to a changing noise environment.
Abstract: A new approach is discussed for the study of the effects of aircraft noise on people who live near large airports. The approach was an outgrowth of a planned study of the reactions of individuals exposed to changing aircraft noise conditions around the Dallas-Ft. Worth (DFW) regional airport. The rationale, concepts, and methods employed in the study are discussed. A critical review of major past studies traces the history of community response research in an effort to identify strengths and limitations of the various approaches and methodologies. A stress-reduction model is presented to provide a framework for studying the dynamics of human response to a changing noise environment. The development of the survey instrument is detailed, and preliminary results of pretest data are discussed.
01 Aug 1975
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the procedures for predicting community noise exposure resulting from aircraft operations using acoustic measurement test conditions, the acoustic data reduction and interpretation procedures, and the type of aircraft performance information needed to obtain a noise data file for predicting the noise produced by aircraft operations.
Abstract: : This report is one of a series describing the research program undertaken by the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory to develop procedures for predicting community noise exposure resulting from aircraft operations. This report outlines the acoustic measurement test conditions, the acoustic data reduction and interpretation procedures, and the type of aircraft performance information needed to obtain a noise data file for predicting the noise produced by aircraft operations. The procedures result in the descriptions of the noise of an aircraft in terms of the effective perceived noise level, the sound exposure level and several other noise measures. Level flight measurements and static engine noise tests are described, and are applicable to conventional fixed wing aircraft and helicopters.
TL;DR: In this article, the potential of barriers, control of prime-mover noise and of exhaust systems for high speed trains is discussed. But the potential for legislative control is not examined.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of international legislation on noise pollution and the economic implications of pollution control on investment levels, production costs and prices, and discuss the potential economic impact of industrial noise pollution.
01 Jul 1975
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical model of a typical community has been developed for the purpose of carrying out a cost-effectiveness analysis of various outdoor noise countermeasures, including source reduction, source rerouting, and path-receiver treatments.
Abstract: An analytical model of a typical community has been developed for the purpose of carrying out a cost-effectiveness analysis of various outdoor noise countermeasures. The principal elements of the model are (1) A data base describing the community's geography, population distribution, and typical building construction; (2) a data base describing the location and strength of noise sources; (3) energy summation of noise levels from each source at many locations; and (4) use of noise level versus human response transfer functions to determine the number of people adversely affected by this noise level. Summing these for the whole community and dividing by the total population results in a 'Noise Impact Index (NII)' indicating the quality of the noise environment. Three basic types of countermeasures may be applied: (1) source reduction, (2) source rerouting, and (3) path-receiver treatments.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed subjective noise zones for high speed trains through previously quiet areas, based upon sociological data in other countries and on aircraft, road traffic and community data in the United Kingdom.
TL;DR: A nine month study of current noise levels was made at twenty-two sites within a community in Eastern Pennsylvania to evaluate the noise pollution factors for a proposed highway, indicating no noise pollution problems existed during the survey, but future noise levels may exceed Federal Standards for certain sections of the proposed alignments.
Abstract: A nine month study of current noise levels was made at twenty-two sites within a community in Eastern Pennsylvania to evaluate the noise pollution factors for a proposed highway. An attempt was made to correlateamnient noise levels for each day of theweek with each location. Computer programs were utilized for datareduction, statistical calculations, and prediction of future noise levels. The prediction analyses were composed of contour analyses, sensitive receptor sites analyses, and the "Do Nothing" analysis. Results indicated no noise pollution problems existed during the survey, but future noise levels may exceed Federal Standards for certain sections of the proposed alignments. Factors that cause the unacceptable future noise levels are identified and modifications may be incorporated for adherence to the standards.
TL;DR: In this paper, a general description is given of an aircraft noise monitoring system which was designed and built to performance specifications prepared by the airport engineering department in accordance with state requirements, and the acoustical parameters which have to be considered in a noisy monitoring system are examined.
Abstract: The acoustical parameters which have to be considered in a noise monitoring system are examined. Individual aircraft operations are characterized by the parameter single event noise exposure level. community exposure is characterized by values of hourly noise level and community noise equivalent level. A general description is given of an aircraft noise monitoring system which was designed and built to performance specifications prepared by the airport engineering department in accordance with state requirements.
TL;DR: In this article, the installation of a noise barrier along the north boundary of Los Angeles International Airport was proposed. But the acoustic accuracy of the model was verified by means of field tests and the simplest barrier that replaces the shielding effectiveness of the acquired houses is a 20-ft (6.1-m) high wall.
Abstract: Property acquisition along the north boundary of Los Angeles International Airport was anticipated to expose previously shielded residents to aircraft ground operations. As a result, the installation of a noise barrier was proposed. Possible designs and locations of this barrier were studied using a 3,000-sq ft (280-m²) acoustic model and scaled aircraft noise sources. The acoustic accuracy of the model was verified by means of field tests. The simplest barrier that replaces the shielding effectiveness of the acquired houses is a 20-ft (6.1-m) high wall.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In the fields of community noise abatement and municipal planning, there are new requirements to define an environment of varying noise level by a single number rating method that correlates well with the subjective response of human beings.
Abstract: In the fields of community noise abatement and municipal planning, there are new requirements to define an environment of varying noise level by a single number rating method that correlates well with the subjective response of human beings. Typical criteria, either in use of proposed, are LN numbers (noise levels exceeded N% of the time), Leq (the equivalent sound level in dB(A) ), LNP (the Noise Pollution Level), and Ldn (the day-night average sound level in dB(A) ). Instruments available include an environmental noise classifier, a statistical distribution analyzer/recorder combination, and a digital sampling system for field measurements for subsequent interrogation by a programmable calculator.
01 Nov 1975
TL;DR: The HH-3E amphibious transport helicopter was used for search and rescue, and combat aircrew recovery as mentioned in this paper, and measured data defining the bioacoustic environments at flight crew locations inside this helicopter during normal flight operations.
Abstract: : The HH-3E is a USAF amphibious transport helicopter used for search and rescue, and combat aircrew recovery. This report provides measured data defining the bioacoustic environments at flight crew locations inside this helicopter during normal flight operations. Data are reported for seven locations in a wide variety of physical and psychoacoustic measures: overall and band sound pressure levels, C-weighted and A-weighted sound levels, preferred speech interference levels, perceived noise level, and limiting times for total daily exposure of personnel with and without standard Air Force ear protectors. Refer to Volume 1 of this handbook, USAF Bioenvironmental Noise Data Handbook, Vol 1: Organization, Content and Application, AMRL-TR-75-50(1) 1975, for discussion of the objective and design of the handbook, the types of data presented, measurement procedures, instrumentation, data processing, definitions of quantities, symbols, equations, applications, limitations, etc. (Author)
Journal Article•
Dissertation•
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the problems posed by the existence of noise pollution with the use of economic concepts and present the necessary and sufficient conditions for an optimum town of pollution such as noise.
Abstract: This thesis investigates the problems posed by the existence of noise pollution with the use of economic concepts. The analysis is conducted at various levels of abstraction and includes the opening up cf some new fields of investigation, as well as tidying up and bringing together some previous work. The thesis is divided into six chapters. Chapter one introduces the subject and indicates the approach that is going to be taken in the subsequent chapters. Chapter two analyses the consequences for an optimum town of pollution such as noise. The necessary and sufficient conditions for an optimum are obtained and discussed. There are some comparative static results and the question of decentralisation is examined. Finally some simulation results are presented. The work in this chapter is perhaps least specific to noise pollution and would apply to any spatially distributed non-accumulating pollution. Chapter three examines the measurement of noise costs to households and compares two different approaches to the problem. Chapter four discusses the control cf noise levels in the context of the economic analysis cf Externalities and Public Ears, and emphasises some of the difficulties in obtaining optimum noise charges. Chapter five summarises the existing empirical work and adds some new results.
01 Oct 1975
TL;DR: The development of advanced CTOL aircraft engines with reduced exhaust emissions is discussed in this article, where the internal pressure transducer measurements made during the scheduled emissions test program on ten configurations involving variations of three basic combustor designs are presented.
Abstract: The development of advanced CTOL aircraft engines with reduced exhaust emissions is discussed. Combustor noise information provided during the basic emissions program and used to advantage in securing reduced levels of combustion noise is included. Results are presented of internal pressure transducer measurements made during the scheduled emissions test program on ten configurations involving variations of three basic combustor designs.
01 Mar 1975
TL;DR: In this paper, a pragmatic noise control methodology is presented with emphasis on techniques for reducing the noise from existing vehicles, using the Caterpillar model 830MB Tractor/Scraper as an example.
Abstract: : A pragmatic noise control methodology is presented with emphasis on techniques for reducing the noise from existing vehicles. The Caterpillar model 830MB Tractor/Scraper is used as an example to show how the vehicle operator's noise exposure can be reduced 20 dBA. An extensive bibliography on contemporary noise control literature is also included.
01 Nov 1975
TL;DR: In this article, the AC-119G is used for interdiction and suppression of enemy ground attack and measured data defining the bioacoustic environments at flight crew/passenger locations inside this aircraft during normal flight operations.
Abstract: : The AC-119G is a USAF gunship for interdiction and suppression of enemy ground attack. This report provides measured data defining the bioacoustic environments at flight crew/passenger locations inside this aircraft during normal flight operations. Data are reported for 6 locations in a wide variety of physical and psychoacoustic measures: overall and band sound pressure levels, C-weighted and A-weighted sound levels, preferred speech interference level, perceived noise level, and limiting times for total daily exposure of personnel with and without standard Air Force ear protectors. Refer to Volume 1 of this handbook, 'USAF Bioenvironmental Noise Data Handbook, Vol 1: Organization, Content and Applications', AMRL-TR-75-50(1) 1975, for discussion of the objective and design of the handbook, the types of data presented, measurement procedures, instrumentation, data processing, definitions of quantities, symbols, equations, applications, limitations, etc. (Author)
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a conceptual method of quantifying the effects of a change in environmental noise on public health and welfare and, as an example of the application of this method, a first approximation to quantify the impact of motor vehicle noise regulations.
Abstract: This paper presents a conceptual method of quantifying the effects of a change in environmental noise on public health and welfare and, as an example of the application of this method, a first approximation to quantifying the impact of motor vehicle noise regulations. Health and welfare are assumed to include personal comfort and well-being as well as the absence of clinical symptoms. The approach is statistical; that is, emphasis is placed on the average response of groups of people to noise, where average response is a combination of factors. The measure of the response is expressed in terms of the magnitude of the population that would be expected to express in a social survey a high degree of annoyance as a result of the activity interference produced by a specific exposure level.
TL;DR: The guidelines and procedures prepared by the California Office of Noise Control for use by local agencies in developing a noise element of their general plans as required in California Government Code, Section 65302 (g) are discussed in this paper.
Abstract: This paper discusses the guidelines and procedures prepared by the California Office of Noise Control for use by local agencies in developing a noise element of their general plans as required in California Government Code, Section 65302 (g). The guidelines created by this office utilize the general plane noise element as the central framework for development of a total noise control program at the local level which includes adoption of a community noise ordinance and enforcement of minimum noise insulation standards for residential dwellings in the vicinity of major noise sources. The overall purpose of the noise element is to cause environmental noise to become a mandatory consideration in the land‐use planning process and to recognize severely noise‐impacted areas within a city and develop a plan for mitigation of excessive exposure. A parallel objective to correction of situations of excessive exposure is that of protecting those areas whose present noise environment is deemed acceptable. The guidelines include advice on suitable standards for compatible land use (based upon exposure presented in terms of Day‐Night Average Level Contours) and recommended procedures for community noise monitoring programs.