Showing papers on "Noise pollution published in 2003"
TL;DR: In children, chronic aircraft noise exposure impairs reading comprehension and long-term memory and may be associated with raised blood pressure, and further research is needed examining coping strategies and the possible health consequences of adaptation to noise.
Abstract: Noise is a prominent feature of the environment including noise from transport, industry and neighbours. Exposure to transport noise disturbs sleep in the laboratory, but not generally in field studies where adaptation occurs. Noise interferes in complex task performance, modifies social behaviour and causes annoyance. Studies of occupational and environmental noise exposure suggest an association with hypertension, whereas community studies show only weak relationships between noise and cardiovascular disease. Aircraft and road traffic noise exposure are associated with psychological symptoms but not with clinically defined psychiatric disorder. In both industrial studies and community studies, noise exposure is related to raised catecholamine secretion. In children, chronic aircraft noise exposure impairs reading comprehension and long-term memory and may be associated with raised blood pressure. Further research is needed examining coping strategies and the possible health consequences of adaptation to noise.
938 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that acoustic masking is one of the mechanisms by which traffic noise negatively affects passerine density along roads.
Abstract: Traffic noise is known to have a negative impact on bird populations in general, but little is known about the mechanisms by which sound pollution affects bird communities. However, a knowledge of these mechanisms is imperative if we want to account for the differences in susceptibility to traffic noise that exist between species, and may thus be critical for conservation action. To address this issue, population assessments were carried out in a contiguous area of oak-beech forest at differing distances from a much frequented motorway to determine the road effect on the whole bird community. As expected, species richness and diversity decreased towards the motorway, and bird abundance was significantly lower along the motorway than in the control area. However, a few species defied the negative impact of the motorway. The songs of the more abundant passerines were analysed with regard to three frequency parameters to determine whether or not a relationship exists between the song pitch of a species and its sensitivity to noise pollution. A significant relationship was found between dominant frequency and decline in abundance towards the motorway, which indicates that having a higher-pitched song with frequencies well above those of traffic noise makes a bird less susceptible to noise pollution. These results suggest that acoustic masking is one of the mechanisms by which traffic noise negatively affects passerine density along roads.
208 citations
TL;DR: Noise sensitivity has relatively little influence on reactions to nonenvironmental conditions, and its relationship with noise exposure, its working mechanism, and the scope of its influence are discussed.
Abstract: This article integrates findings from the literature and new results regarding noise sensitivity. The new results are based on analyses of 28 combined datasets (N=23 038), and separate analyses of a large aircraft noise study (N=10939). Three topics regarding noise sensitivity are discussed, namely, its relationship with noise exposure, its working mechanism, and the scope of its influence. (1) A previous review found that noise sensitivity has no relationship with noise exposure. The current analyses give consistent results, and show that there is at most a very weak positive relationship. (2) It was observed earlier that noise sensitivity alters the effect of noise exposure on noise annoyance, and does not (only) have an additive effect. The current analyses confirm this, and show that the relation of the annoyance score with the noise exposure is relatively flat for nonsensitives while it is steeper for sensitives. (3) Previous studies showed that noise sensitivity also influences reactions other than noise annoyance. The current analyses of the aircraft noise study extend these results, but also indicate that noise sensitivity has relatively little influence on reactions to nonenvironmental conditions. © 2003 Acoustical Society of America.
206 citations
TL;DR: Around the main roads inside the urban perimeter of Curitiba, simultaneous measurements were done regarding noise levels, vehicle flow and traffic composition and thus some mathematical models have been developed in order to estimate sound pressure levels.
142 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a sound dosimeter was worn by the operating surgeon during three total hip replacements and two total knee replacements, and a timed record of the procedures was kept concurrently.
Abstract: Background: Surgeons working in orthopedic operating theatres are exposed to significant noise pollution due to the use of powered instruments. This may carry a risk of noise-induced hearing loss. The present study was designed to quantify the noise exposure experienced by surgeons and establish whether this breaches occupational health guidelines for workplace noise exposure.
Methods: A sound dosimeter was worn by the operating surgeon during three total hip replacements and two total knee replacements. A timed record of the procedures was kept concurrently. Noise levels experienced during each part of the procedure and total noise exposures were measured. Noise exposures were compared with occupational health guidelines.
Results: Noise exposure in total hip replacement averaged 4.5% (1.52−6.45%) of the allowed daily dose (average duration 77.28 min). Total knee replacement exposure was 5.74% (4.09−7.39%) of allowed daily exposure (average duration: 69.76 min). Maximum sound levels approached but did not exceed recommended limits of 110 dBA (108.3 dBA in total hip replacement and 107.6 dBA in total knee replacement). Transient peak sound levels exceeded maximums of 140 dB on multiple occasions during surgery.
Conclusions: Overall total noise dose during orthopaedic surgery was acceptable but orthopaedic surgeons experience brief periods of noise exposure in excess of legislated guidelines. This constitutes a noise hazard and carries a significant, but unquantified risk for noise-induced hearing loss.
91 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared 5 years of continuous noise measurements carried out at one of the most important squares in Valencia (Spain) to determine the appropriate measuring time in order to obtain a 24-h noise level suitable to represent the annual equivalent level.
90 citations
TL;DR: This tutorial article traces the development of the dosage-effect relationship on which FICON currently relies, in a wider historical context of efforts to understand and predict community response to transportation noise, and identifies areas in which advances in genuine understanding might lead to improved means for predicting community response.
Abstract: The contemporary technical rationale for assessing effects (“impacts”) of transportation noise on communities rests in large part on a purely descriptive dosage-effect relationship of the sort first synthesized by Schultz [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64, 377–405 (1978)]. Although U.S. federal adoption of an annoyance-based rationale for regulatory policy has made this approach a familiar one, it is only one of several historical perspectives, and not necessarily the most useful for all purposes. Last reviewed by the U.S. Federal Interagency Committee on Noise (FICON) 10 years ago, the accuracy and precision of estimates of the prevalence of a consequential degree of noise-induced annoyance yielded by functions of noise exposure leave much to be desired. This tutorial article traces the development of the dosage-effect relationship on which FICON currently relies, in a wider historical context of efforts to understand and predict community response to transportation noise. It also identifies areas in which advances in genuine understanding might lead to improved means for predicting community response to transportation noise.
78 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a brief summary of observed effects of ocean noise on marine mammals and the factors that can change the response of the animai to the noise exposure is provided. But, the authors do not discuss the long-term behavior changes observed in marine mammals in response to ocean noise.
Abstract: The issues surrounding marine mammals and noise cannot be managed effectively without an understanding of the effects of that noise on individual mammals and their populations. In the spring of 2003 the National Research Council released Ocean Nolse and Marine Mammals, a report that reviewed sources of ocean noise (natural and anthropogenic), the effects of noise on marine mammals, patterns and long-term trends in ocean noise, and included recommendations intended to improve understanding of the sources and impacts of anthropogenic marine noise. This paper provides a brief summary of observed effects of ocean noise on marine mammals and the factors that can change the response of the animai to the noise exposure. It introduces the reader to short- and long-term behavior changes that have been observed in marine mammals in response to ocean noise, and discusses future directions for marine mammal research.
68 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe an optimisation study concerning arrival trajectories that has been conducted using a recently developed tool for the analysis and design of noise abatement procedures around airports, which combines a noise model, a geographic information system, and a dynamic trajectory optimisation algorithm.
Abstract: This paper describes an optimisation study concerning arrival trajectories that has been conducted using a recently developed tool for the analysis and design of noise abatement procedures around airports. This new tool combines a noise model, a geographic information system, and a dynamic trajectory optimisation algorithm. The optimisation algorithm generates routings and flight-paths that minimise the noise impact in the residential communities surrounding the airport, while satisfying all imposed operational and safety constraints. The study on arrival trajectories presented herein complements an earlier study involving departure trajectories. Although the numerical results shown pertain to a particular example airport, viz Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, the study actually focuses on the development of a generic methodology that could be applied to any given airport. The results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness and flexibility of the developed tool.
58 citations
TL;DR: The extent of permanent threshold shifts and cochlear hair cell damage caused by continuous noise exposure with those caused by intermittent noise exposure indicates that continuous noise causes greater damage to the cochlea than intermittent noise of the same intensity and that, at the intensities tested, damage toThe coChlea is not proportional to the total noise energy.
55 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a causal chain model is presented in which railroad traffic density, noise emission, noise immission and noise annoyance are causally related, and policy measures, aimed at reducing social and economic costs, are incorporated in various stages of the causal model.
Abstract: In developed countries noise annoyance is an important source of environmental concern. Research on noise annoyance caused by railroad traffic is relatively underdeveloped. Here, a causal chain model is presented in which railroad traffic density, noise emission, noise immission and noise annoyance are causally related. Noise level, habituation and railroad usage are determinant factors. Noise annoyance causes social and economic costs, such as property value depreciation. Policy measures, aimed at reducing social and economic costs, are incorporated in various stages of the causal model. These measures can be subdivided into noise regulation and direct prevention measures. Stricter threshold values lead to higher total costs, but may lower social costs per capita. Economic feasibility of policy measures is usually analyzed by means of a cost-benefit case study. Methods of analysis used are diverse and ad hoc. Therefore, results of different case studies are not easily compared in terms of research synthesis.
01 Jul 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive methodology has been developed to compare the environmental damage caused by vehicles with different alternative fuels, such as CNG, LPG, etc., and drivetrains such as electric and hybrid drives.
Abstract: A comprehensive methodology has been developed to compare the environmental damage caused by vehicles with different alternative fuels, such as CNG, LPG, etc., and drivetrains, such as electric and hybrid drives. This paper describes how the environmental effect of vehicles should be defined and includes parameters concerning vehicle emissions and their influence on human wellbeing and the environment. It then describes how the environmental effect of vehicles could be defined, taking into account the availability of accurate and reliable data. Rating systems are analysed as a means of comparing the environmental effect of vehicles, allowing decision-makers to dedicate their financial and non-financial policies and measures as a function of the ecological damage. Different types of pollution (acid rain, photochemical air pollution, noise pollution, etc.) and their effect on numerous receptors such as ecosystems, buildings and human beings (e.g. cancer, respiratory diseases, etc.) and global warmin...
TL;DR: In this paper, the work exposure of drivers and conductors of special state buses in Kolkata, India to noise, heat, respirable dust and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was evaluated using a precision noise level meter.
Abstract: This paper studies work exposure of drivers and conductors of special state buses in Kolkata, India to noise, heat, respirable dust and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Equivalent noise exposures of drivers at work and in-bus noise are evaluated using a precision noise level meter. Thermal conditions like wet bulb globe temperature, relative humidity, and dry-bulb temperature were measured while plying through different traffic routes. Personal sampling techniques are adopted for dust and VOC monitoring and gas chromatography with flame ionisation detector was used to estimate VOCs. Drivers’ exposure to noise depended on the number of trips performed per day and exceeded the recommended American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists’ threshold limit value, mostly after a second trip. The WBGT index revealed strenuous conditions for the working group. Mean dust exposures for drivers and conductors were found to be much higher than the level proposed in the notice of intended changes of ACGIH TLV (1995–96) for diesel particulate matter. Exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylene exhibit higher results than reported elsewhere.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The emotional response of children describing the annoyance reaction to noise was consistent with adult reactions and it would seem that child noise annoyance is the same construct, and future research should employ qualitative methods to supplement quantitative investigations.
Abstract: Results from recent quantitative research consistently demonstrate that children are a high risk group, vulnerable to the adverse effects of noise exposure, especially effects on cognitive performance, motivation and annoyance. The aims of the two qualitative studies reported in this paper are to explore children's a) perception of noise exposure; b) perceived risk of and attitudes towards noise pollution; c) coping strategies; and d) the annoyance response. The Millennium Conference Study involved focus group interviews with an international sample (n=36) unselected by exposure. The West London Schools Study involved individual interviews, conducted with a purposively selected sample (n=18) exposed to aircraft noise. The children in the focus groups reported being most affected by neighbours' noise and road traffic noise, whereas children exposed to aircraft noise were most affected by aircraft noise. As expected, the impact of noise pollution on everyday activities (e.g. schoolwork, homework and playing) was larger for the children exposed to high levels of aircraft noise compared with the low noise exposed children and focus group samples. The range of coping strategies that children employed to combat noise exposure in their lives was dependent upon the amount of control they had over the noise source. The emotional response of children describing the annoyance reaction to noise was consistent with adult reactions and it would seem that child noise annoyance is the same construct. Future research should employ qualitative methods to supplement quantitative investigations.
TL;DR: In this paper, noise reduction studies for aero engines are described in which DLR is involved, in which low noise fan design, active noise control using wall-flush loudspeakers as secondary sources, ANC using active stators as secondary source, and ANC using flow induced secondary sources at the rotor tips, reduction of low-pressure turbine noise, and flight tests for validation of add-on noise reduction devices.
TL;DR: Noise pollution in environments is unevenly distributed, with people of lower socioeconomic status suffering more than others, and environmental objectives for protection from noise pollution should be developed which ensure a socially just distribution of environmental noise pollution in addition to avoiding danger to health.
Abstract: Aim of the study The study deals with the relationship between socioeconomic status and the uneven distribution of noise pollution in residential areas. Based on the social indicators education, occupation, income and an index of socioeconomic status, the study investigates whether people of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to live in busier streets and to be more affected by traffic and noise pollution than others. Material The German Federal Health Survey (Bundesgesundheitssurvey, BGS) is a representative survey of the health status of the adult population in Germany. The representative sample in question reflects the opinions of 6,644 individuals aged between 18 and 79 years who were asked to fill in a standardised questionnaire between autumn 1997 and spring 1999. Results People of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to live in busy to extremely busy main roads and through roads. They feel significantly more often affected by traffic noise pollution. People of higher socioeconomic status are more likely to live in quiet environments. Essentially, all four social indicators reflect the social gradient of noise pollution, but their impact is differently weighted. Conclusion Noise pollution in environments is unevenly distributed, with people of lower socioeconomic status suffering more than others. In view of the increased social burden and assumed vulnerability experienced by lower socioeconomic groups, environmental objectives for protection from noise pollution should be developed which ensure a socially just distribution of environmental noise pollution in addition to avoiding danger to health.
TL;DR: This paper provides the theoretical background for building fuzzy rule based noise annoyance models and demonstrates how these models can be used in practice both in management support as a "noise annoyance adviser" and in social science for testing hypotheses such as the effect of noise sensitivity or the degree of urbanization.
Abstract: Predicting the effect of noise on individual people and small groups is an extremely difficult task due to the influence of a multitude of factors that vary from person to person and from context to context. Moreover, noise annoyance is inherently a vague concept. That is why, in this paper, it is argued that noise annoyance models should identify a fuzzy set of possible effects rather than seek a very accurate crisp prediction. Fuzzy rule based models seem ideal candidates for this task. This paper provides the theoretical background for building these models. Existing empirical knowledge is used to extract a few typical rules that allow making the model more specific for small groups of individuals. The resulting model is tested on two large-scale social surveys augmented with exposure simulations. The testing demonstrates how this new way of thinking about noise effect modeling can be used in practice both in management support as a "noise annoyance adviser" and in social science for testing hypotheses such as the effect of noise sensitivity or the degree of urbanization.
TL;DR: The sources and possible impact of the community noise problems in Lebanese urban areas, particularly the Greater Beirut Area, are assessed and a set of recommendations is presented to reduce community noise problem.
Abstract: Over the last two decades, urban noise has been increasing rapidly, primarily in urban areas, due to population growth and the increase of certain noise sources. The main objective of this paper is to assess the sources and possible impacts of the community noise problems in Lebanese urban areas, particularly the Greater Beirut Area. The causes and effects of community noise pollution are briefly presented. Sound pressure levels that were measured to define existing noise exposure levels in various locations in the Greater Beirut Area are also presented. The attitudes toward noise pollution and perceived annoyance impact on a sample of 1,038 exposed residents are described. The association between measured noise levels and sources, as well as annoyance, is examined using correlation analysis and linear and multiple linear regressions. A set of recommendations is presented to reduce community noise problem in Greater Beirut Area.
TL;DR: In this article, an optimal green belt around the Victoria Memorial Monument based on ambient air quality, soil characterization, and soil characterization was designed to reduce air pollution and attenuate noise pollution.
Abstract: Mitigation of air pollution in developing countries like India has emerged as one of the challenging tasks for environmental management agencies. The status is likely to become more acute with the continued and enhanced rate of industrial expansion and the limitations of carrying capacity of the respective environmental basins. India being a developing country, end-of-pipe treatment/tail gas treatment alone is not techno-economically feasible in certain important industrial sectors. Fugitive/line sources and control emission at source is not feasible because of exorbitant costs. In the country as a whole, green belt development around the industrial/urban settlement will act as a cost effective solution for air pollution abatement. Green belt designing in an appropriate scientific manner not only reduces air pollution, but also attenuates noise pollution. This paper looks at the designing of an optimal green belt around the Victoria Memorial Monument based on ambient air quality, soil characterization, cl...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the interactions between vehicles, infrastructure and environment for rail traffic and identified variables having a significant influence on sound levels, defined a standard procedure for measuring noise, and developed a database for setting up and calibrating train noise models.
Abstract: This paper analyses the interactions between vehicles, infrastructure and environment for rail traffic. It identifies variables having a significant influence on sound levels, defines a standard procedure for measuring noise, and develops a database for setting up and calibrating train noise models. A pilot study looks at two railway lines passing through Vercelli, a medium sized town in the north-west of Italy. Four main conclusions were drawn. First, in certain conditions, variables that normally influence noise production can be neglected (e.g. when surrounding environmental conditions are constant, different types of train do not cause a significant variation in noise level). Secondly, when diesel trains are travelling at less than 70 km/h, a speed change of 30–40 km/h significantly affects the maximum noise level (Lmax). However, for electrified lines, when speed is below 80 km/h, a change of 20–30 km/h does not cause significant variations in Lmax. Thirdly, for diesel trains transiting at low speeds––e.g. near stations––noise emissions are strongly affected by acceleration/deceleration. Lastly, an approach based on ‘sites types’ is able to produce useful results because site configuration and the presence of building significantly affect Lmax. High buildings along the line can increase noise levels and may nullify the advantages derived from technological advance in the vehicles.
TL;DR: Hearing capacity of the daily noise exposure groups living in the three urban sites were noticeably poorer than those who were living in suburban site (Phahonyothin Road), and the mean hearing threshold level (HTL) of the 16–25 years old groups were found to have better hearing capacity than those older adults of 46–55 years old.
Abstract: Four noise monitoring sites were strategically established to evaluate average noise level and audiometric assessment at various traffic zones of Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR). During the monitoring period, noise levels were found to be 72.8-83.0 dBA during day time and 59.5-74.5 dBA during night time. The finding also indicated that traffic noise levels depend on distance from roadside, diurnal variation and character of the traffic and street configuration. Audiometric measurement of 4000 persons was carried by four major hospitals in Bangkok to study the relationship between traffic noise exposure of groups of people working in the streets and hearing loss. Four different categories of occupational people, i.e., drivers, street vendors, traffic officers and dwellers were selected and were further classified into age groups (16-25, 26-35, 36-45 and 46-55 years old) to monitor the traffic noise induced hearing loss throughout their everyday lives. The control group was deliberately chosen to screen out the effects of traffic noise. According to the audiometric investigation, it was revealed that hearing capacity of the daily noise exposure groups living in the three urban sites (Yaowarat Road, Din Daeng Road and Ratchaprarop Road) were noticeably poorer than those who were living in suburban site (Phahonyothin Road). It was noted that the mean hearing threshold level (HTL) of the 16-25 years old groups were found to have better hearing capacity than those older adults of 46-55 years old. In particular the mean HTL dropped at the frequency of 4000 Hz. Among the occupational population who were living in the urban monitoring sites, the driver groups were found to have the highest risk of traffic noise induced hearing loss.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, a case control study, 36 exposed and 25 non-exposed residents of Kupondole were included, and the crude OR and 95% CI for the exposed subjects was 4.2 (1.4, 12).
Abstract: Introduction: Noise pollution in urban cities is a serious problem and steadily increasing over the years. This has direct and indirect affect to the people that can lead to the health hazard. Objectives: To find out environmental noise induced health effect on people residing in an urban community and to predict the risk of the environmental noise induced hearing loss Material and methods: One hundred fifty questionnaires were filled up for the environmental noise pollution survey. For the case control study, 36 exposed and 25 non-exposed residents of Kupondole were included. Based on the place of residence (main road and 20 min. walking distance from the main road), subjects were divided into exposed and non-exposed group concerning environmental noise. Demographic data and information about health problems was obtained by a structured interview. Audiometric test was performed using manual audiometer. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for noise induced hearing loss were estimated using logistic regression. Adjustment for occupational noise was done Results: The major health effect induced by the environmental noise was observed as lack of concentration followed by irritation, fatigue and headache. The crude OR and 95% CI for the exposed subjects was 4.2 (1.4, 12). After adjustment for occupational noise, the OR (95% CI) was 4.0 (1.2, 13). Conclusion: This study shows that exposure to noise causes wide range of health effects. For the exposed subjects there was an increased risk of noise induced hearing loss. The risk was significantly increased also after adjusting for occupational noise.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a research study designed to examine and evaluate management awareness of transit passenger needs, and found that nearly two-thirds of the sample passengers indicated that the bus transit system offered a better level of service than that of their home nations, they ranked levels of noise inside the bus, low travel speed, and lack of air conditioning as the top three deficiencies of the existing bus service.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effect of road traffic noise on road traffic annoyance and found that where traffic noise is louder, more people say they are annoyed by it than where traffic is quieter.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The proportion of persons who reported that they were very or extremely annoyed indoors from noise from installations was more than twice as high as for traffic noise, indicating the importance of also regulating the noise exposure on the "quiet side" of buildings.
Abstract: In order to improve the living conditions for respondents highly exposed to traffic noise, it has been recommended that one side of the building should face a "quiet side". Quiet may, however, be spoilt by noise from installations such as ventilation and air-conditioning systems. The noises generated by installations of this kind often have a dominant portion of low frequencies (20-200 Hz) and may be a source of great annoyance and sleep disturbance. This paper describes the cross-sectional part of an intended intervention study among residents exposed to traffic noise on one side of the building and to low frequency noise from installations on the other side of the building. A questionnaire masked as a general living environment study was delivered to a randomly selected person in each household. In total 41 respondents answered the questionnaire (71% response rate). Noise from installations was measured indoors in a bedroom facing the courtyard in a selection of apartments and outdoors in the yard. 24h traffic noise outdoor and indoor levels were calculated. The noise levels from installations were slightly above or at the Swedish recommendations for low frequency noise indoors with the window closed and exceeded the recommendations by about 10 dB SPL when the window was slightly opened. The proportion of persons who reported that they were very or extremely annoyed indoors from noise from installations was more than twice as high as for traffic noise. Installation noise also affected respondents' willingness to have their windows open and to sleep with an open window. The high disturbance of installation noises found in this study indicates the importance of also regulating the noise exposure on the "quiet side" of buildings. Further studies will give a better base for the extent of annoyance and acceptable levels of installation noises.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of a study in El Campo de Gibraltar in order to evaluate the noise pollution level and its management in urban areas of Cdiz.
Abstract: In the European policy, one of the most important objectives is to achieve a high level of health and environmental protection. The latest studies have shown that more than 20% of the world population lives under unacceptable noise levels and near 60% of the European population is exposed to worrying noise levels during the day. So, nowadays one of the objectives to be pursued is the protection against noise, one of the main environmental problems in Europe. During the last 10 years different studies have been carried out in urban areas of Cdiz, in order to evaluate the noise pollution level and its management. Those studies exposed how the continuous development of legal device, more capable each time, might moderate the upper emission levels. Instead of it, the share of the medium levels of the population hold up and could be detrimental for its normal development, increasing progressively. It will be useful to develop more studies in this area, as we are doing in El Campo de Gibraltar to study those damaging levels and to predict their tendency, in order to establish and improve new methods of environmental noise protection.
Book•
21 Nov 2003TL;DR: The Private Regulation of Environmental Pollution: the Common Law and the Private Prosecution: the public concern, private prosecution, judicial review, access to information and human rights as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Elements of Environmental Law The Administration and Enforcement of Environmental Law European Community Environmental Law and Policy Water Pollution Waste Management Integrated Pollution Control and Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Contaminated Land Atmospheric Pollution Statutory Nuisance Noise Pollution The Private Regulation of Environmental Pollution: the Common Law The Private Regulation of Environmental Pollution: the Public Concern, Private Prosecution, Judicial Review, Access to Information and Human Rights
TL;DR: It has been found that textile, publishing and paper products industries are the most noisy industries and suitable recommendation for noise control and worker protection is concluded.
Abstract: A study of 20 factories belonging to textile, printing, publishing and paper products industries in Jeddah was conducted. Data on Leq, Maximum and Minimum SPL at different octave bands, as well as dBA, were collected. It has been found that textile, publishing and paper products industries are the most noisy industries. The paper is concluded with suitable recommendation for noise control and worker protection.
ANAS1
TL;DR: In this article, a GIS-based analysis of the theoretical potential to be installed on noise barriers along Italian national roads has been carried out, revealing the presence of many suburban road sections acoustically affecting built-up areas with a favourable exposition to solar radiation and the existence of a large market where photovoltaics can be efficiently integrated into acoustical mitigation interventions.
Abstract: Implementation of photovoltaic noise barriers is an interesting application for large scale PV installations with cost sharing and no land consumption. In this work, a GIS based analysis of the theoretical potential to be installed on noise barriers along Italian national roads has been carried out. Estimation of the road extent to be equipped with PV sound barriers has been obtained by provisional algorithms, on the basis of traffic flow, global radiation, meteorological conditions, geometrical and morphological configuration of the surroundings. The results reveal the presence of many suburban road sections acoustically affecting built-up areas with a favourable exposition to solar radiation and the existence of a large market where photovoltaics can be efficiently integrated into acoustical mitigation interventions.