scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Non-rapid eye movement sleep published in 1969"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Morphine significantly decreased REM state (REMS), but did not alter the pattern of maximum REMS in late night, and altered EEG sleep patterns; although NREM definitions were thus less certain, morphine appeared to increase NREM light sleep and decrease NREM deep sleep.
Abstract: After 4 adaptation nights, IM doses of morphine sulfate (7.5, 15, 30 mg/70 kg) and placebo were studied in 8 male postaddicts, using a cross-over design with randomized block analysis to demonstrate significant drug effect. Morphine decreased the number and duration of REM periods, delayed the onset of the first REM period, and possibly increased the time between REM period onsets. Thus, morphine significantly decreased REM state (REMS), but did not alter the pattern of maximum REMS in late night. Morphine significantly increased waking state (WS) but did not alter the pattern of maximum WS in early night. Morphine significantly increased tension, and shifted maximum tension from early night to middle night. Morphine altered EEG sleep patterns; although NREM definitions were thus less certain, morphine appeared to increase NREM light sleep (stages 1 and 2) and decrease NREM deep sleep (stages 3 and 4). After an initial decrease in REMS by 30 mg/70 kg of morphine, an increase in REMS was noted in the third night of the 2 pilot study subjects. The arousal response to morphine seen in post-addicts needs further study in other populations and during the course of chronic morphine use.

134 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Both stage 3 and 4 EEG are maximal during the first few hours of sleep and their distributions across the night may usefully be described as a function of the successive sleep cycles.
Abstract: THE stage 4 EEG (employing the Dement and Kleitman 1 nomenclature) of sleep, as measured in our laboratory, consists of high-voltage (over 50V) slow (under 4 cycles per second) activity occurring with a stipulated density (over 16 waves per 20second epoch, or over 50% of the epoch occupied by such slow waves). Stage 3 EEG represents a lesser density (10 to 16 waves per 20-second epoch) of this slow-wave activity. Stage 3 and 4 EEG constitute, along with spindles and K-complexes, the distinguishing features of nonrapid eye-movement (NREM) or slow-wave sleep. Both stage 3 and 4 EEG are maximal during the first few hours of sleep 1 and their distributions across the night may usefully be described as a function of the successive sleep cycles. 2 Stage 4 EEG reaches its highest level in early childhood 3 and then shows a hyper

111 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In melatonin sleep as in natural sleep the chickens were easily aroused by sensory stimuli both in behavior and electrographic pattern, and possible mechanisms related to sleep-inducing effects of melatonin are discussed.
Abstract: 1. Natural sleep and waking states of young chickens were studied by polygraphic recording (EEG, EOG, EMG and ECG) together with behavioral observation. Effects of melatonin were observed. 2. The sleep-wake periods of the chickens were analysed for three states: awake, slow wave sleep (SS) and paradoxical sleep (PS). Polygraphic characteristics of these 3 states were analogous to, though in several aspects different from, those in mammalians. 3. The sleep states alternated irregularly at short intervals. SS usually did not last longer than 6 min without being interrupted by an episode of arousal or PS. PS appeared at irregular intervals usually lasting only 6–8 sec. Total duration of PS was 7.3±1.8% of total sleep time. 4. Melatonin (0.01–0.06 mg/g) had a powerful sedative and hypnotic effect which appeared within 1–2 min after i. perit. injection and lasted for 30–60 min. Melatonin-induced sleep was characterized by slow EEG activity of high voltage similar to that in normal SS but with a higher incidence of 2–3 c/sec waves. 5. Melatonin besides activating SS, delayed the appearence of the first PS episode and decreased total PS time. 6. In melatonin sleep as in natural sleep the chickens were easily aroused by sensory stimuli both in behavior and electrographic pattern. 7. Possible mechanisms related to sleep-inducing effects of melatonin are discussed.

105 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An experimental test of two hypotheses about sleep mentation based upon the tonic-phasic model, which found that phasic and nonphasic episodes within stage REM are associated with qualitatively different mental activity andNonphasic stage REM is associated with mental activity qualitatively similar to that of NREM sleep.
Abstract: The most widely accepted model of sleep in recent years has been one which draws qualitative distinctions between stage REM and NREM sleep. This conceptualization is now challenged by a tonic-phasi...

99 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
25 Apr 1969-Science
TL;DR: Twenty-four-hour polygraphic tracings from normal humans indicate that a pattern of alternating periods of the presence and absence of rapid eye movement exist over all 24 hours of the daily period, suggesting that the so-called sleep-dream cycle of human sleep is not specific to sleep, but is a general activity pattern of the brain.
Abstract: Twenty-four-hour polygraphic tracings from normal humans indicate that a pattern of alternating periods of the presence and absence of rapid eye movement, shown to exist for normal sleep, exist over all 24 hours of the daily period. This finding suggests that the so-called sleep-dream cycle of human sleep is not specific to sleep, but is a general activity pattern of the brain.

72 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The sleepschizophrenia paradigm became subject for the first time to experimental scrutiny, and most sleep studies with schizophrenics since then have focused on the REM state, comparing schizophrenics with their normal counterparts.
Abstract: THE relationship between sleep and schizophrenia, and particularly the dream state and schizophrenia, has long held the neuropsychiatrist's attention and interest. Kraepelin, 1 Jackson, 2 and Jung 3 hypothesized around the turn of the century, that a similarity did indeed exist between the dream state and dementia praecox. Objective methods for studying sleep and dreaming, however, were lacking, and research in the borderland of sleep-schizophrenia remained in the realm of speculation. With the discovery by Aserinsky, Kleitman, and Dement 4-6 in the early 1950's that through all-night electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, sleep could be qualitatively separated into two distinct interdigitating phases—rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow wave sleep, the former being associated with a high percentage of dream recall—the sleepschizophrenia paradigm became subject for the first time to experimental scrutiny. Most sleep studies with schizophrenics since then have focused on the REM state, comparing schizophrenics with their normal counterparts. The

71 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Investigation of the sleep EEG pattern in conditions of altered brain function may prove of diagnostic value and may lead to new insights into such fundamental questions as the neurobiology of intelligence, the effects of aging on the central nervous system, and the nature and function of sleep itself.

69 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The observed changes further support a role of cholinergic mechanisms in human REM sleep and suggest that scopolamine, methscopolamines, and chlorpromazine should be considered as a single substance for the treatment of insomnia.
Abstract: The study compares the effects of scopolamine, methscopolamine, and chlorpromazine on the EEG and the EOG in sleeping subjects. Saline was used as a control. Scopolamine hydrobromide (0.006 mg. per kilogram) clearly retarded the onset of stage REM. No immediate rebound was seien in the analysis of the sleep pattern for two hours after the first recording of this stage. The total amount of REM sleep during the full period of recording was therefore diminished. The decrease in REM resulted in an increased amount of stages I and II. No significant changes were observed in stages III or IV or in the periods of wakefulness. A significant increase in body movements was noted. Methscopolamine bromide (0.0055 mg. per kilogram) did not produce any substantial modification in the pattern of sleep. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (0.4 mg. per kilogram) produced an increase of stage III activity apparently at the expense of stage II sleep. The observed changes further support a role of cholinergic mechanisms in human REM sleep.

65 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The establishment of any general significance of serotonin in the neuropharmacology of sleep will require detailed investigation of the species in question, and the reported effect of PCP in other mammals is to decrease NREM sleep.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is postulated that the depressed eye movement burst activity in the autistic children is a manifestation of deficient or inhibited centralibular function and the reduced quantitative association between the synchronous slow waves and the eye movement bursts further suggests impairment of an organizing influence underlying integration of cortical and oculomotor activity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors consider cataplexy, sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations as dissociated manifestations of REM sleep, as well as all kinds of hypersomnia, is due to a disturbance of the NREM sleep system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was found that shift workers took a higher average duration of sleep per 24 hours and more and longer naps outside the major sleep period and the longer sleep taken by shift workers may be necessary in order to pay off specific kinds of sleep debt.
Abstract: Tune, G. S. (1969).Brit. J. industr. Med.,26, 54-58. Sleep and wakefulness in a group of shift workers. Fifty-two shift workers recorded their hours of sleep and wakefulness for a period of 10 weeks. Compared with matched non-shift-working control subjects it was found that they took a higher average duration of sleep per 24 hours and more and longer naps outside the major sleep period. A comparison of the on and off duty records from the shift workers showed that a sleep debt was incurred during the former which was largely paid off by taking long naps in the latter. It is suggested that the longer sleep taken by shift workers may be necessary in order to pay off specific kinds of sleep debt.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that the typical home sleeping arrangement may be a significant subject-selection variable in sleep and dream research and to explore sex differences in sleep patterns of married couples.
Abstract: The major purposes of this study were to test the effects of altering the typical home sleeping arrangement on subsequent laboratory sleep, to determine the nature of transient disturbances in EEG sleep patterns of habitual good sleepers, and to explore sex differences in sleep patterns of married couples. Twenty-eight married good sleepers slept three consecutive nights in the laboratory under both sleep-with-spouse and sleep-alone conditions. Continuous EEG and eye movement recordings were obtained throughout the seven hour bed period. Analyses of variance showed a significant increase in the amount of Stage 4 sleep and a significant decrease in REM sleep under the sleep-alone condition. Transient changes in sleep patterns of good sleepers were not associated with the usual correlates of poor sleep. Sex differences showed females with significantly more Stage 4 sleep, more total sleep, and fewer awakenings. It was concluded that the typical home sleeping arrangement may be a significant subject-selection variable in sleep and dream research. The major findings were discussed within the framework of a cortical homeostasis hypothesis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an investigation was undertaken of the possible effects upon performance of sleep in excess of that habitually taken, and the results indicated that extended sleep can produce decrements in performance similar to those which occur with sleep deprivation.
Abstract: An investigation was undertaken of the possible effects upon performance of sleep in excess of that habitually taken. Twelve Ss worked on 15-min vigilance and calculation tasks on 2 successive days 30min after either 8 or 11 h of nocturnal sleep. The order of sleep length and task presentation was counterbalanced among Ss. Performance on the vigilance task was significantly poorer after 11 h of sleep than after 8hof sleep (p <.05). Performance on the calculation task was unaffected by the sleep condition. The results indicate that extended sleep can produce decrements in performance similar to those which occur with sleep deprivation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study of 4 Ss over several nights each indicated no relationship between Stage 2 NREM dreaming and within-subject, within-night variations in AAT.
Abstract: Whereas earlier research had shown that Ss with lower auditory awakening thresholds (AATs) reported more dreams on awakenings from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, this study of 4 Ss over sever...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The neuronal mechanisms underlying the modifications of incidence of spike discharges during sleep were discussed in terms of interrelation between the activity level of the brain and the mechanism producing seizure discharges.
Abstract: Summary 1) A whole night EEG study was carried out on twenty temporal lobe epileptics and fourteen normal subjects. ECG, respiratory curve, GSR and horizontal eye movements were also simultaneously recorded polygraphically. Primary attention was devoted to the changes of temporal spikes in different stages of nocturnal sleep and also to the characteristics of sleep course of the patients. 2) The electrographic depth of sleep was divided into the following five stages; A (wakefulness), B (drowsiness and light sleep), C (moderately deep sleep), D (deep sleep) and P (paradoxical phase of sleep or REM sleep). The sleep diagrams were drawn on all the patients and the rate of incidence of spike discharges throughout a whole night was demonstrated in each stage of sleep on seven patients. 3) As to the pattern of sleep cycles during a whole night, the majority of twenty patients with temporal lobe epilepsy showed some disorganizations of the pattern of sleep cycles to more or less degree. Although there were great individual differences, the most characteristic features observed on the sleep course of the patients were prolongation and frequent appearance of C stage, shortening or poor appearance of D stage and irregular appearance of P stage. These changes were observed more remarkably in younger patients. The disorganizations of sleep cycles observed on temporal lobe epileptics seemed partly due to the dysfunctions or lesions of limbic system of the brain. Spindle-formed rhythmical waves with frequencies ranging from 8 to 12 c/s were found during C stage of the patients. The lower voltage of delta waves during the deepest stage of sleep and the poor appearance of humps during light stage of sleep were also observed. 4) The most frequent incidence of temporal spikes was observed during C stage on most of the patients. Only a few patients showed the most frequent incidence of spikes during B stage. No clear correlation was found between the types of the incidence of spike discharges and etiological or clinical factors. During P stage, spike discharges were generally suppressed as well as during A stage in most of the patients. On the patients with bilateral multifoci, the mode of incidence of spikes during sleep almost the same in both hemispheres. 5) Nine clinical seizures were observed on seven patients during nocturnal recordings. Two seizures occurred during C stage, three during D stage, three during P stage and one during B stage. On a female patient, three seizures were provoked during B stage and P stage in one night. So the predilected depth of sleep for nocturnal seizures was never found in this study. After clinical seizures, the depth of sleep did not alter, the patients did not generally awake and could not remember their nocturnal fits next morning. Ictal EEG patterns were rhythmic slow waves started at the region of the EEG spike focus with a exception of a case which showed irregular spike and wave complex. 6) The neuronal mechanisms underlying the modifications of incidence of spike discharges during sleep were discussed in terms of interrelation between the activity level of the brain and the mechanism producing seizure discharges.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These studies have not consistently demonstrated marked differences in REM sleep between schizophrenics and normal subjects, and several recent studies have suggested, however, that Stage 4 or delta sleep may be decreased in schizophrenia 4 and depressive psychosis.
Abstract: SINCE THE discovery of rapid eye movements (REMs) associated with a desynchronized electroencephalogram (EEG) during behavioral sleep 1 and the correlation of this sleep stage with dreaming, 2 considerable investigation of REM sleep has been instituted to assess its significance in normal man and in various psychiatric illnesses. The similarity between mentation during dreaming in normal people and thought patterns in schizophrenia has led to many investigations of REM sleep in this disease. These studies have not consistently demonstrated marked differences in REM sleep between schizophrenics and normal subjects. 3 Similarly, REM sleep does not appear to be markedly altered in mental illness characterized primarily by depression. 3 Several recent studies have suggested, however, that Stage 4 or delta sleep may be decreased in schizophrenia 4 and depressive psychosis. 5,6 Various drugs used in the treatment of mental illness have been

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The normal phasic inhibition of evoked responses accompanying the ocular activity of REM sleep may not be present in the very young organism and that the development of phAsic inhibition may be related to maturational factors underlying the post-natal reduction ofREM sleep time.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A momentary “deepening” of sleep appears to accompany the pre-REM suppression of neck and chin EMG potentials, which is associated with lower dream recall frequency and lower Dreamlike Fantasy Scale ratings.
Abstract: Five subjects had their nocturnal sleep monitored (EEG, EOG, submental EMG) for a total of 42 nights. A total of 196 awakenings to retrieve sleep mentation was distributed among three awakening categories: Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep before the EMG suppression heralding REM-sleep onset; NREM sleep immediately following the EMG suppression heralding REM-sleep onset; and early moments of REM sleep accompanied by EMG suppression. Suppressed-EMG NREM awakenings tended to be associated with lower dream recall frequency and lower Dreamlike Fantasy Scale ratings than did high-EMG NREM awakenings. Orientation times upon experimental awakenings were longer on suppressed-EMG pre-REM awakenings than on high-EMG pre-REM awakenings. A momentary “deepening” of sleep (in terms of less memorable and vivid mental content and of decreased reactivity to the awakening stimulus) thus appears to accompany the pre-REM suppression of neck and chin EMG potentials.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A correlational analysis of 15 sleep and dream recall variables yielded results suggesting that detailed dream reports tend to come from end-of-the-night REM-period awakenings, suggesting that recallers tended to awaken from REM sleep and nonrecallers from NREM sleep in the morning.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was found that blood pressure fell during the night, reaching its lowest level in the early morning, and the discovery of two different physiological sleep states, rapid eye movement (REM) or dreaming sleep and non-REM) sleep, allowed closer examination of blood pressure changes during these phases of sleep.
Abstract: THE National Health Survey found hypertension to be the most common chronic clinical disorder in the United States with a prevalence rate twice as large in the Negro population as in the white. 1 One of the most common findings is a decrease in the blood pressure with bedrest alone. This led to early studies of blood pressure changes during sleep in patients with hypertension. 2-8 By taking hourly readings, it was found that blood pressure fell during the night, reaching its lowest level in the early morning. More recently, the discovery of various sleep stages, as recorded electroencephalographically (EEG), and the discovery of two different physiological sleep states, rapid eye movement (REM) or dreaming sleep and nonrapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, allowed closer examination of blood pressure changes during these phases of sleep. (In the literature, the following terms are approximate synonyms for REM stage sleep-dreaming

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The finding that the opossum has sleep cycle characteristics not unlike man's has been considered to suggest a "sentinel" or "vigilance" function, preparing the sleeping organism for fight or flight.
Abstract: THE RECENT development of dream research shows a marked, though historically not uncommon, shift in emphasis from description and measurement to theorizing. Thus, the "rebound effect" found to result from REM sleep deprivation has been interpreted as evidence that REM sleep serves to clear the central nervous system of certain metabolic substances.1The observation that neonates spend 50% or more of their total sleep time in stage 1 REM has led to the speculation that the endogenous stimulation provided by REM sleep is vital tp the maturation and differentiation of the central nervous system.2The finding that the opossum, the most primitive mammal in existence, has sleep cycle characteristics not unlike man's has been considered to suggest a "sentinel" or "vigilance" function, preparing the sleeping organism for fight or flight.3 Each of these propositions, however, provides a rationale for

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Most investigators conceptualize rapid eye movement (REM) sleep as one of two distinct kinds of sleep, but a body of opinion persists which holds that the REM sleep cycle may be part of a more general rhythm continuing during both waking and sleeping.
Abstract: ALTHOUGH most investigators conceptualize rapid eye movement (REM) sleep as one of two distinct kinds of sleep, 1,2 a body of opinion persists which holds that the REM sleep cycle may be part of a more general rhythm continuing during both waking and sleeping. 3-10 Kleitman has discussed a "basic rest-activity cycle," reflected in the two alternating kinds of sleep, which may also be operative during waking. 3,4 Globus has reported data on daytime naps which suggests that REM sleep tends to occur at the same clock times each day 5,6 and Globus and Gardner have conceptualized REM "sleep" as a time-locked ultradian rhythm superimposed as a ripple on the slower moving circadian rhythm of waking and sleeping. 7 Similarly, Friedman and Fisher have suggested that "the concept of a sleep dream cycle be amended to that of a 24 hour continuous cycle of drive accumula

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of this study show that moderate doses in man probably act on both cortical and subcortical systems involved in the mediation of SW sleep, REM sleep and arousal, and suggest that sleep stages are controlled by homeostatic mechanisms whose function is to maintain equilibrium.
Abstract: Sleep physiological patterns were examined following a single oral dose (500 mg) of the hypnotic drug alpha chloralose. The drug increased SW sleep and decreased REM sleep without affecting total sleep time or the amount of stage 2. These changes were accompanied by a shift to slower frequencies and greater EEG synchrony, as well as a decrease in the number of spontaneous arousals in all stages of sleep, and throughout the night of medication. Except for a slight decrease in eye movement density, the drug had no systematic effects on phasic phenomena such as electrodermal or cardio-respiratory fluctuations, nor was there a systematic change in basal heart and breathing rates.

Journal Article


Journal ArticleDOI
23 Aug 1969-Nature
TL;DR: A corollary of this would be that withdrawal of barbiturates would result in dream reports indicative of a richer and more vivid dream experience than either barbiturate or pre-barbiturate conditions, for withdrawal of hypnotic drugs accentuates the profusion of eye movements during REM sleep.
Abstract: IT is recognized that there are two kinds of sleep, often called rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, that differ in their physiology and psychology. Awakenings from the first generally yield reports of dreaming. The demonstration of a relationship between the profusion of eye movements and the “activity” or vividness of the accompanying dream1,2 and the finding that barbiturates not only decrease the overall amount of REM sleep but also reduce the profusion of eye movements3,4 per minute of REM sleep led to the prediction that barbiturate administration would result in dream experiences of a more tranquil nature5. A corollary of this would be that withdrawal of barbiturates would result in dream reports indicative of a richer and more vivid dream experience than either barbiturate or pre-barbiturate conditions, for withdrawal of hypnotic drugs accentuates the profusion of eye movements during REM sleep6–8 and is reported to lead to recall in the morning of vivid dreams during the night9,10.