Showing papers on "Non-rapid eye movement sleep published in 1971"
TL;DR: Sleep periods that begin at times other than the regular onset time tend to produce less stage 4 sleep; this decrease suggests a circadian effect.
Abstract: Age, length of prior wakefulness, length of time asleep, and a circadian influence all affect stage 4 sleep. The amount of stage 4 sleep decreases as subject's age increases and as time asleep increases. Longer periods of wakefulness before sleep result in greater amounts of stage 4 sleep in the first 3 hours of sleep. Sleep periods that begin at times other than the regular onset time tend to produce less stage 4 sleep; this decrease suggests a circadian effect.
219 citations
TL;DR: The generality of these findings was obtained by depriving mice of REM sleep during the interval between a discrimination training experiment in a black-white T-maze and the subsequent retention test, which showed a temporary retrograde amnesia.
144 citations
TL;DR: Evidence from this study and others indicate that suppression of REM sleep might help to alleviate depression and two of the four patients studied after MAOI discontinuation became profoundly anxious with REM compensation.
Abstract: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) are a class of drugs which are capable of totally suppressing REM sleep. The MAOI phenelzine was given to six anxious-depressed patients while daily behavioral and EEG sleep records were made. REM sleep was completely suppressed for from 14 to 40 nights. Upon discontinuation of MAOI REM sleep increased as much as 250% above normal levels. The bipolar EEG changes were paralleled by similar changes in depression and anxiety. The behavior of all six patients markedly improved at times when REM sleep was completely absent. Two of the four patients studied after MAOI discontinuation became profoundly anxious with REM compensation. The morning recall of dreams also closely paralleled the presence or absence of REM sleep. Evidence from this study and others indicate that suppression of REM sleep might help to alleviate depression.
143 citations
TL;DR: Routine circumcision, done without anesthesia in the newborn nursery, was usually followed by prolonged nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which is considered to be consistent with a theory of conservation‐withdrawal in response to stressful stimulation.
Abstract: Routine circumcision, done without anesthesia in the newborn nursery, was usually followed by prolonged nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Since this form of sleep has been described as a low point on an arousal continuum, we consider its increase to be consistent with a theory of conservation-with
124 citations
TL;DR: By a number of criteria, Ss appeared to sleep better at home than in the lab, and subjective sleep parameters appeared related to episodes of wakefulness rather than to other sleep stages.
Abstract: Twenty-one carefully screened normal Ss used to the sleep laboratory filled out sleep and dream logs both at home and after one or more nights in the laboratory. Subjective descriptions of sleep ordinarily associated with reports of "poor" sleep were related to transient episodes of wakefulness. In general, subjective sleep parameters appeared related to episodes of wakefulness rather than to other sleep stages. Abrupt as opposed to gradual awakenings from sleep favored REM period dream recall. Terminal as opposed to earlier REM periods tended to be associated with detailed rather than vague or no-content dream recall. Presleep tension favored longer sleep latencies, while unusual fatigue promoted transient intercurrent wakefulness. By a number of criteria, Ss appeared to sleep better at home than in the lab.
116 citations
TL;DR: The results are consistent with the theory that desynchronized sleep is an active process controlled by the brain stem and the tendency for cells to fire in relation to eye movement increases with the depth of penetration.
108 citations
TL;DR: Five days of REM sleep deprivation in the rat produced marked acquisition deficits which were not task specific and which did not appear to be due to nonspecific stress, non-REM sleep loss, or changes in activity levels.
88 citations
TL;DR: Both hormone treatments modified sleep, but the combined action of estrogen and progesterone more closely duplicated the sleep patterns observed in the intact animal on the night of behavioral estrus.
66 citations
62 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that the MBD syndrome need not be associated with disordered sleep mechanisms and that the therapeutic efficacy of dextroamphetamine sulfate is probably unrelated to its effects on sleep pattern.
Abstract: EEG and eye movement were continuously monitored during sleep in three hyperactive children with minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) syndrome before and during treatment with dextroamphetamine sulfate. The baseline sleep patterns of these markedly disturbed subjects were quite similar to those of seven age-matched controls. Dextroamphetamine sulfate, administered in dosages up to 20 mg, prolonged sleep latency and delayed the onset of the first REM period. Dextroamphetamine sulfate did not affect total sleep time, the constituent EEG sleep stages, or the amount of eye movement activity. These data suggest that the MBD syndrome need not be associated with disordered sleep mechanisms and that the therapeutic efficacy of dextroamphetamine sulfate is probably unrelated to its effects on sleep pattern. We speculate that the therapeutic effects of dextroamphetamine sulfate in the MBD syndrome are on attention rather than arousal mechanisms and that these effects are not "paradoxical."
46 citations
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TL;DR: The results to be reported here, when compared to those obtained with other treatments which affect the biogenic amines, encourage the view that level and turnover of serotonin are the primary mediators for reserpine-induced modifications of sleep and suggest that the loss of SW sleep may have resulted from depletion of serotonin, whereas acceleration of the REM cycle may have been caused by a compensatory increase in its rate of synthesis.
Abstract: Recent studies of the effects of reserpine on human sleep have reported increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and decreased slow-wave (SW) sleep. These results are relevant to theories linking serotonin and the catecholamines to the control of different stages of sleep. However, since reserpine causes release and subsequent depletion of both monoamines, it is difficult to relate changes in sleep profiles to specific alterations in one or the other amine system. The results to be reported here, when compared to those obtained with other treatments which affect the biogenic amines, encourage the view that level and turnover of serotonin are the primary mediators for reserpine-induced modifications of sleep. In two separate experiments, EEG sleep patterns from 20 male Ss were examined following single and repeated oral doses (1 mg) of reserpine. In the single-dose study, reserpine caused increased REM, and decreased SW sleep, effects which became statistically significant on the post-medication (P-M) recovery session. These changes were accompanied by reduced frequency per minute of sigma spindles (stage 2) decreased eye-movement density (stage REM) and a tendency toward increased brief arousals, especially during stage REM. Examination of parameters of the REM cycle revealed that the potentiation of REM sleep was due to its reduced latency of onset, and more frequent cyclic occurrence, not to increased duration of REM episodes. The results of the repeated-dose study replicated and amplified those of the first experiment, showing that medication caused a progressive increase in the amount of stage REM, accompanied by a simultaneous loss of SW sleep. The increase in REM was again due to acceleration of its cycle rather than lengthening of its episodes. During medication, epochs of stage REM were increasingly interrupted by brief arousals, with a simulteneous decline in the density of rapid eye movements. Most of these reserpine effects persisted into the P-M recovery session.
TL;DR: Stage REM sleep may be involved in some forms of learning, and adaptive coping of this sort is dependent upon Stage REM sleep, which was examined by studying the effects of Stage REM deprivation in Blodgett’s latent-learning situation.
Abstract: Stage REM sleep may be involved in some forms of learning. This hypothesis was examined by studying the effects of Stage REM deprivation in Blodgett’s latent-learning situation. Stage REM deprivation blocked the appearance of the latent-learning effect, suggesting that adaptive coping of this sort is dependent upon Stage REM sleep.
TL;DR: The results support earlier findings of a functional dissociation between LSWS and DSWS and a functional relationship between DS WS and REMSleep and the changes were most pronounced in the first hours of recovery sleep.
Abstract: The effect of total sleep deprivation on the sleep stages and their interrelations was studied in 10 cats. EEG, EMG and eye movements were recorded for 24 h after 12 h and 24 h sleep deprivation and after no sleep deprivation. Sleep was divided into three stages: Light slow wave sleep (LSWS), deep slow wave sleep (DSWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The total quantities of DSWS and REM sleep in the 24 h recordings increased with deprivation, as did the relative proportion (per cent of total sleep) of these sleep stages. The total quantity of LSWS did not change with sleep deprivation, and the LSWS per cent of total sleep decreased. The changes were most pronounced after 24 h deprivation and in the first hours of recovery sleep. Sleep deprivation reduced LSWS episode length and tended to increase DSWS and REM sleep episode length. The number of sleep cycles was increased, but the length of each cycle was not altered. The results support earlier findings of a functional dissociation between LSWS and DSWS and a functional relationship between DSWS and REM sleep.
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the pharmacology of rapid eye movement sleep, a rhythmical and temporary interruption of wakefulness, induced by internal, not external, factors, in which consciousness of environmental features subsides to a minimum.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the pharmacology of rapid eye movement sleep. Sleep is rest, quiescence, a time when bodily functions subside to a low point. Its purpose is surcease and restoration. Sleep can be defined as a rhythmical and temporary interruption of wakefulness, induced by internal, not external, factors, in which consciousness of environmental features subsides to a minimum; in which movement of the body is almost completely absent; in which there is an increase in the thresholds of reactivity and of reflex irritability; in which there occurs a continuum which leads from light sleep to deep sleep; in which there occurs, also, a rhythmical alternation of this light sleep-deep sleep cycle; in which at the peak of each of these cycles, certain functions become accelerated and, at least in the human, there occurs the phenomenon of dreaming; and in which there exists a built-in mechanism which after a time produces the phenomenon of arousal.
TL;DR: Four normal human infants were studied between the first and fifteenth week of life to assess the relation of 4 behavioral states (crying, quiet wakefulness, and the REM and NREM stages of sleep) to plasma growth hormone levels.
Abstract: Four normal human infants were studied on 24 occasions between the first and fifteenth week of life to assess the relation of 4 behavioral states (crying, quiet wakefulness, and the REM and NREM stages of sleep) to plasma growth hormone levels. The state of quiet wakefulness in 23 of 24 instances demonstrated low plasma levels of growth hormone similar to basal adult levels. HGH levels during the other behavioral states were distinctly higher and more variable. In contrast to the adult, no relation of HGH secretion to sleep stage could be noted, nor was there any clear relation to emotional stress (crying).
TL;DR: There is a striking similarity between the sleep pattern of this patient and that recorded from psychotic depressives, and this may be of importance in furthering the understanding of the relationship between mania and depression.
Abstract: The sleep pattern of a hypomanic patient, was studied for 17 of 25 consecutive nights during which time he received no drug therapy. There was a marked reduction in actual sleep time and in slow-wave sleep and a modest reduction in stage 1 rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. There was increase in time awake and drowsy, and there was an abnormal mixture of wave forms. There is a striking similarity between the sleep pattern of this patient and that recorded from psychotic depressives. This may be of importance in furthering our understanding of the relationship between mania and depression.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the neural mechanism of the depression of the Babinski reflex during REM may be different from that operating in the waking state, and that the suppression is caused by influences descending from supraspinal centers to the reflex arc of the babinski reflex.
TL;DR: Some miscellaneous conditions, such as dyskinesias, cerebrovascular accidents, migraine, and memory and repair functions have been considered, and much of this new knowledge has a direct diagnostic and therapeutic relevance.
Abstract: This brief review documents some of the important contributions of recent sleep research to the understanding of a number of neurological conditions. Narcoleptic attacks have been shown to be either episodes of NREM or REM sleep; and cataplexy, sleep paralysis and vivid hypnagogic hallucinations consist of dissociated or inappropriate REM sleep. Important relationships of the hypersomnias and various comas to sleep mechanisms are being increasingly elucidated. Various types of epileptic seizures have been found to be affected differentially by the two types of sleep and by arousal from them; and sleep deprivation may activate or perpetuate epilepsy. Finally, some miscellaneous conditions, such as dyskinesias, cerebrovascular accidents, migraine, and memory and repair functions have been considered. As well as being of pathophysiological interest, much of this new knowledge has a direct diagnostic and therapeutic relevance.
TL;DR: The unrestrained chimpanzee's sleep cycle as well as his subcortical- cortical EEG patterns were found to compare closely with those of man.
TL;DR: The finding that clinical doses of CPZ cause mild sedation, and enhanced SW sleep without any significant modification of REM, sleep, indicates that CPZ has features which may recommend it as a standard hypnotic.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine human physiological sleep profiles, including the amount and distribution of electroenoephalographic (EEG) stages of sleep, variations in specific frequency bands in the EEG spectrum and certain phasic phenomena such as movement arousals, sigma spindles and rapid eye movements, following oral administration of a moderate dose (150 mg) of chlorpromazine (CPZ) to 12 young male volunteers. At this dose level the drug had few systematic effects on sleep, although it did reduce the latency of onset of stage REM and the number of movement arousals, while increasing the amount of slow-wave (SW) sleep. These effects persisted during the post-medication recovery night, but at no time was there any systematic change in the total amount or percent of REM sleep, the duration of the REM-to-REM cycle, the average length of REM episodes or the density of rapid eye movements during stage REM. Frequency analysis of EEG revealed that CPZ produced a trend toward increased fast (beta) activity recorded from pre-central placements during stage REM, and reduced density of sigma spindles in stage 2 sleep. Thus, for the most part, a single moderate dose of CPZ left the tonic, phasic and sequential properties of the sleep cycle unaltered. These results confirm previous investigations showing that for small to moderate clinical doses, CPZ invariably enhances SW sleep and reduces the frequency of movement arousals. On the other hand, the effect of the drug on stage REM apparently depends on dose. Small doses potentiate REM sleep or accelerate its onset, whereas larger doses either reduce stage REM or leave it unaffected. Several authors have pointed out that most hypnotic agents cause substantial alterations of the sleep profile, and that their withdrawal can cause profound disruption of sleep and marked clinical disturbance. It also has been suggested that there exists a relation between drug dependency and the degree of initial REM suppression caused by a drug. The finding confirmed by the present study that clinical doses of CPZ cause mild sedation, and enhanced SW sleep without any significant modification of REM, sleep, indicates that CPZ has features which may recommend it as a standard hypnotic.
TL;DR: Animal experiments with depth recording have revealed that the cortical desynchrony of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with characteristic electrical patterns in other parts of the brain and it is reported that they could induce REM sleep by stimulating this or nearby areas.
TL;DR: This article found that covert oral behavior (lip and chin electromyograms) was significantly higher during rapid eye movement (REM) periods in which there were conversational dreams than during non-rapid eye movements (NREM), suggesting that behavioral changes were localized in the speech region.
Abstract: Previous findings of heightened covert oral behavior during linguistic activities suggested that increases in covert oral behavior might also occur during conversational dreams. It was found that covert oral behavior (lip and chin electromyograms) was significantly higher during rapid eye movement (REM) periods in which there were conversational dreams than during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) periods. On the other hand, REM periods for the visual dreams showed only minor and nonsignificant changes in covert oral behavior, relative to the NREM periods. Little change occurred for neck responses, suggesting that behavioral changes were localized in the speech region. These findings are thus consistent with those obtained from waking Ss—covert oral behavior may serve a linguistic function during dreams too.
TL;DR: EEG activity of 10.5 to 15.0 c/sec and eye movement activity during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were quantified in six normal 6 to 8-month-old babies and the mean duration of eye movement bursts in the babies increased linearly with successive REM sleep periods.
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: The sleep patterns of owl monkeys expressed in percentage of rapidEye movement (REM) and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) were compared with those of a closely related New World monkey species, Saimiri Sciureus.
Abstract: Measurement of the cycles of wakefulness and stages of sleep in owl monkeys during 24-hr periods divided into half dark and half light segments. Recordings of electrophysiological activity were used. Reversal of the sequence of light and dark served to test the influence of environmental lighting on the sleep-wakefulness cycles. The sleep patterns of owl monkeys expressed in percentage of rapid eye movement (REM) and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) were compared with those of a closely related New World monkey species, Saimiri Sciureus.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported an increase in rapid eye movement (REM) and a decrease in stage 4 sleep in the first 3 h of sleep and increased arousal and lightening of sleep (increased movement time, wakefulness and stage 1, decreased stage 2 sleep).
TL;DR: In a group of 14 infants the behavioral arousal threshold (BAT) for a cold thermal stimulus was found to be significantly higher in the second quiet sleep epoch than in the firstquiet sleep epoch, pointing to the importance of the time effect concerning the BAT in infant sleep.
Abstract: SCHMIDT, KATALIN, and BIRNS, BEVERLY. The Behavioral Arousal Threshold in Infant Sleep as a Function of Time and Sleep State. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1971, 42, 269-277. In a group of 14 infants the behavioral arousal threshold (BAT) for a cold thermal stimulus was found to be significantly higher in the second quiet sleep epoch than in the first quiet sleep epoch. This finding points to the importance of the time effect concerning the BAT in infant sleep. The BAT in quiet sleep versus active sleep was not significantly different for the same stimulus. The role of different modalities of stimulation and individual differences as determinants of responsiveness during neonatal sleep states is discussed.
TL;DR: The patient was a 69‐year old male, with apnoea‐tonic convulsion in sleep as the chief complaint, and Satisfactory results of the treatment are briefly summarized as follows.
Abstract: The patient was a 69-year old male, with apnoea-tonic convulsion in sleep as the chief complaint. Over the period of 17 years prior to his admission to our clinic he had been treated as a case of night epilepsy, without improvement but aggravation. Satisfactory results of our treatment are briefly summarized as follows.
1) Anticonvulsants including diphenyl-hydantoin proved ineffective, and phenobar-bital aggravated seizures markedly.
2) Methyl phenidate and imipramine or monochlorimipramine proved to be effective, and the last drug was completely suppressed the sleep apnoea. During 15 months after discharge the continuous use of this drug has effectively inhibited the seizures up to date.
3) EEG of our case shows abnormal sleep pattern which has no deep sleep pattern. And no remarkable EEG changes were observed before and after administration of monochlorimipramine, but body movements during sleep were more frequent after the administration.
4) By recording EEG at the onset of this seizure there was recognized flat EEG suggesting that the tonic convulsion occurring after apnoea is an anoxic convulsion.
5) As for the action mechanism of monochlorimipramine, on the basis of our findings that this sleep apnoea is closely associated with a certain depth of sleep, which resembles sleep paralysis of narcolepsy, and it has been concluded that the action mechanism of imipramine and monochlorimipramine is directed to the disturbance of sleep regulating mechanism.
6) It is assumed that the mechanism of the present case consists of visceral crisis of tabes dorsalis, resultant hypoexcitability of the brain stem reticular activating system and disturbance of sleep regulating mechanism.
TL;DR: In eleven patients with photosensitive epilepsy, photosensitivity during various phases of sleep and wakefulness was investigated, and all patients except one who was treated with anticonvulsants showed prominent photosensitivity, although this was in many instances relatively reduced as compared with that in the waking state.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results suggest that the functional organization for eye movements during REM sleep is similar to that of waking whereas this organization is dissolved during the remainder of sleep.
Abstract: During the night of sleep there is a recurrent cycle of brain wave changes and physiologic events punctuated by the dream periods. When the electroencephalogram changes from a high voltage slow to a low voltage rapid pattern the eyes begin to move in bursts of rapid movement and the dream period begins. The dream periods (stage REM) may be considered as a distinct physiologic state from the rest of the night (non-REM sleep). In patients with paralysis of upward eye movement during waking, during non-REM sleep the eyes moved upward as if no paralysis were present. However, during REM sleep upward eye movement was severely restricted. The results suggest that the functional organization for eye movements during REM sleep is similar to that of waking whereas this organization is dissolved during the remainder of sleep.