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Showing papers on "Non-rapid eye movement sleep published in 1974"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The combination used here depresses REM sleep by about one half but does not reduce non-REM sleep, and the smaller the platform relative to the size of the rat, the greater the reduction in REM sleep - but at one point, non- REM sleep is decreased.
Abstract: This technique of REM sleep deprivation may make data interpretation difficult because it can lack selectivity, and because controls may suppress some REM sleep. To correct these difficulties, EEG recordings were made of rats placed in 4 situations for 96 hours: (1) baseline, (2) on 6.5 cm, or (3) 12.5 cm inverted flowerpots surrounded by water, (4) swimming in 10 cm water for 1 hr per 24 hr. Rats on the 6.5 cm pots had 57% as much REM sleep as baseline with no change in non-REM sleep. Rats on 12.5 cm pots initially had 55% as much REM sleep baseline, but by the fourth day increased to baseline levels. The swimming rats had no reduction in REM or non-REM sleep at any time, and thus seem to be a better control. The smaller the platform relative to the size of the rat, the greater the reduction in REM sleep - but at one point, non-REM sleep is decreased. The combination used here depresses REM sleep by about one half but does not reduce non-REM sleep.

257 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Tidal volume, respiration rate, and pulmonary ventilation for each respiratory cycle were measured during periods of rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and during quiet sleep when eye movements were absent (NREM).
Abstract: 1. Ventilation was recorded on ten male and ten female healthy full-term infants during the first week after delivery, using a trunk plethysmograph. Tidal volume (VT), respiration rate (f) and pulmonary ventilation (V) for each respiratory cycle were measured during periods of rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and during quiet sleep when eye movements were absent (NREM). 2. It was found that mean instantaneous V and f were significantly higher in all infants during REM than during NREM sleep, while mean VT was either unchanged or showed a decrease. In addition, there was significantly greater variation in instantaneous V, VT and f during REM as compared with NREM sleep. 3. Positive correlations were found in most infants in both sleep states between individual values of VT and the duration of the respiratory cycle (T). 4. Periodic changes in T were found in all infants during both sleep states; these periodicities may reflect the behaviour of respiratory control mechanisms operating over a longer time span than the individual respiratory cycle.

86 citations


01 Jun 1974
TL;DR: Deprivation of sleep stage REM or sleep stage 4 produces no behavioral changes supportive of earlier beliefs that these two stages, especially stage REM, were necessary for effective waking behavior.
Abstract: : Effects of total sleep loss, partial sleep loss, and sleep stage deprivation are reviewed with particular attention to performance decrement and operational consequences. Physiological changes are minimal during moderate sleep loss, but mood changes are clearly noticeable. The most likely sleep problems for aircrew members are those associated with disruption of sleep- wakefulness cycles and partial sleep loss. Consistent performance decrement is difficult to find, but marked increase in fatigue is a common problem. Sleep loss, both total and partial, tends to potentiate the circadian influence on performance and interact with other stressors to enhance the stress-induced physiological responses. Deprivation of sleep stage REM or sleep stage 4 produces no behavioral changes supportive of earlier beliefs that these two stages, especially stage REM, were necessary for effective waking behavior.

73 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Depriving the S of stage REM or stage 4 during recovery sleep does not affect the recuperation rate and the amount of sleep is probably more important than the kind of sleep.
Abstract: Twelve young (17–21 yrs) male Navy recruits volunteered for a sleep loss study. After 4 baseline days, the Ss were completely deprived of sleep for 2 days and nights. Next followed an experimental phase of 2 days and nights after which all Ss received 2 nights of uninterrupted sleep. During the experimental phase, the 4 Ss in the REM-deprived group were aroused whenever they showed signs of REM sleep. The 4 Ss of the stage 4-deprived group were aroused whenever they showed signs of entering stage 4 sleep, and the 4 Ss of the Control group had uninterrupted sleep. All tests (speed and accuracy of addition, speed and accuracy of self-paced vigilance, errors of omission in experimenter paced vigilance, immediate recall of word lists, and mood) showed significant impairment after the first night of complete sleep loss. But during the experimental (sleep-stage-deprivation) and recovery phases, all three groups showed equal rates of recovery. Depriving the S of stage REM or stage 4 during recovery sleep does not affect the recuperation rate. Frequent arousals (50–100 per night) also do not impair recovery. The amount of sleep is probably more important than the kind of sleep.

70 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that perceptual thresholds are low in both sleep stages 2 and REM but that the ability or willingness to organize a response is greater in REM sleep.
Abstract: Personally significant and non-significant low intensity sound stimuli were used to determine awakening latencies from sleep stages REM and 2. Latency was measured from stimulus onset to a) the sleeper's own acknowledgement of waking, and b) alpha rhythm onset. Both stimuli were presented twice, once in each sleep stage, to 8 Ss. Voluntary response latencies in REM were shorter than in stage 2 (p <.025) but no difference was found for the latency of alpha rhythm onset. The personally significant stimulus, however, caused a significantly shorter awakening latency using both criteria. The results suggest that perceptual thresholds are low in both sleep stages 2 and REM but that the ability or willingness to organize a response is greater in REM sleep.

59 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ss who had no stage deprivation prior to 1 night of sleep loss had more impairment following sleep loss than did the Ss of this study, and there were no marked changes in any area following 3 nights of stage REM and stage 4 deprivation.
Abstract: To determine whether prior deprivation of stage REM or stage 4 sleep would potentiate the effects of total sleep loss, 7 young adult males were denied REM sleep and 7 were denied stage 4 sleep for 3 nights before 1 night of total sleep loss. Measures of autonomic and EEG activity, mood, anxiety, Rorschach CET and on several performance tasks were obtained during baseline, following stage deprivation, total sleep loss, and during recovery. There were no marked changes in any area following 3 nights of stage REM and stage 4 deprivation. The changes following total sleep loss were similar for both groups. Prior deprivation of stage REM or stage 4 did not potentiate sleep loss effects. Ss who had no stage deprivation prior to 1 night of sleep loss had more impairment following sleep loss than did the Ss of this study.

55 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These results support the information-processing model of REM sleep function and temporarily retarded bar-press acquisition, abolished observational learning of the bar- press habit, and prevented adaptation to a shift from a CRF to a DRL schedule.

54 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that whereas there may be an average cycle duration of about 90 min individual cycles are very variable, the contents of a cycle influence its duration, and the onset of the REM period is not a strictly time-locked phenomenon.

51 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Consistency of the relationship between nights for the sleep stages was not generally improved by equating sleep time either within or between Ss.
Abstract: Variability of sleep measures during 4 nights was examined in 10 normal young adults. The variables analyzed included: Sleep Stage Percentages; Sleep Time; Latency, Duration, and Cycle Time of REM; No. of REM Periods; and No. of Eye Movements (EM). No indication of First Night Effect was found, except that EM showed significant increases across nights. Although group means corresponded to conventional norms, considerable inter- and intraindividual variability was apparent, with Stage 2 and REM yielding lowest Variability Coefficients. Between nights, consistent positive correlations were found for Awake, REM, REM Latency, and particularly for Stage 4 and EM. Consistency of the relationship between nights for the sleep stages was not generally improved by equating sleep time either within or between Ss. Few intercorrelations between variables were significant. Within nights the first REM Duration was the shortest and the first Non-REM Duration the longest, while neither REM nor Non-REM Cycle Time changed significantly. In 25% of the records, Stage 3 terminated before Stage 4. Variability was discussed in terms of procedural aspects, trait characteristics, and situational factors.

50 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The sleep and waking of 14 subjects in time-free environments were studied for 14 days as mentioned in this paper, where half of the subjects had a heavy exercise regime and the other half did not.
Abstract: The sleep and waking of 14 subjects in time-free environments were studied for 14 days. Half of the subjects had a heavy exercise regime. All subjects exhibited a longer-than-24-hr rhythm, but the groups did not differ from each other in this extension of the rhythm. There were large individual differences between subjects and large variations from the projected sleep and waking times. The overall amount of sleep increased in the environment, and there were marked increases in both shorter and longer sleep and waking period lengths. Exercise did not increase the overall amount of sleep but did increase the variability in the distribution of sleep. The overall distribution of sleep stages during sleep did not differ from baseline measures or between groups.

48 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sleep latency and awake time were significantly decreased on chlorpromazine while stage II, delta sleep, delta%, nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, REM activity, REM latency, and REM density were significantly increased.
Abstract: The sleep of 13 chronic male schizophrenics was studied during a one-month trial of chlorpromazine and compared with one-month placebo periods. Electroencephalographic recordings were made only after the patients had been on chlorpromazine hydrochloride or a placebo for at least three weeks. Sleep latency and awake time were significantly decreased on chlorpromazine while stage II, delta sleep, delta%, nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, REM activity, REM latency, and REM density were significantly increased. There were no significant changes in REM time, REM%, stage II%, and NREM%.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicate that the polycyclicsleep-wake cycle is a definable rhythm of the cat's sleep-wake pattern, and complement the traditional measures of percent sleep and wakefulness and the sleep cycle length in experimental studies of sleep.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data suggest that actively ill schizophrenics are less likely than control psychiatric patients to exhibit a normal REM rebound, and that REM compensation may be related to Rod and Frame testing: the more field independent a subject is, the better REM compensator he is.
Abstract: Eight actively ill schizophrenics and eight nonpsychotic controls were deprived of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by the awakening method for two nights. Sleep patterns during five postdeprivation nights were analyzed by a variety of univariate and multivariate techniques. Data suggest that actively ill schizophrenics are less likely than control psychiatric patients to exhibit a normal REM rebound. They require fewer awakenings than controls to achieve REM deprivation. They show little or no change in REM time or REM% during recovery as compared with base line, and, compared with controls, have significantly less REM time, REM%, and change in REM time and REM% on early postdeprivation nights. The two patient groups also differed in their pattern of stages III and IV during recovery. Considerable overlap existed in REM compensation between actively ill schizophrenics and controls. Additional information suggests that REM compensation may be related to Rod and Frame testing: the more field independent a subject is, the better REM compensator he is.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A similar pattern for the early components of the AER was found during REM and non-REM (NREM) sleep, therefore, the clinical usefulness of the early component was not diminished during stage REM sleep.
Abstract: The early components of the averaged electroencephalic response (AER) were elicited by click stimuli from each of four subject during completed night of nature sleep. Clicks were presented from a loudspeaker 50 dB above the subject's voluntary threshold at a rate of 4.5/sec continuously throughout the night. Response obtained during sleep stages 2, 3, and 4 were pooled and compared to the responses obtained during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep for each subject. Statistically significant peak-to-peak amplitude difference scores were only obtained for the Pa and Nb peaks. The largest differences, with shorter REM latencies in both cases, were 1.5 msec for Pa and 4.5 msec for Nb. Thus a similar pattern for the early components of the AER was found during REM and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Therefore, the clinical usefulness of the early components was not diminished during stage REM sleep.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In order to investigate whether sleep deprivation activates the photoconvulsive response, 35 patients were investigated electroencephalographically after 24–36 h of waking and in 34 cases with sleep deprivation, the response was positive.
Abstract: In order to investigate whether sleep deprivation activates the photoconvulsive response 35 patients were investigated electroencephalographically after 24–36 h of waking. In 34 cases with sleep depri

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Comparison of the sleep of the squirrel monkey with other primates higher on the phytogenetic scale indicated the Squirrel monkey would serve as an excellent representative for the study of primate sleep wakefulness.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Tonic EMG levels tended to decline toward their lowest level of the night beginning 5 min in advance of REM periods, and with very rare exceptions, the lowest EMG Levels of the Night were maintained throughout REM sleep.
Abstract: Equipment and procedures were devised for quantifying relatively noise-free recordings of low amplitude chin and lip electromyograms (EMGs) during sleep. A total of 28 REM periods were recorded from 5 young adult female Ss. Tonic EMG levels tended to decline toward their lowest level of the night beginning 5 min in advance of REM periods. With very rare exceptions, the lowest EMG levels of the night were maintained throughout REM sleep. During the 20 min of NREM sleep which followed REM periods, mean EMG levels increased over the REM levels but were lower than those recorded during the 20 min of NREM sleep which preceded the REM periods. This pattern of tonic EMG variation obtained for each of the first 3 REM periods of the night.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that POSTS of human subjects might indicate that some form of “playback” of information takes place during NREM sleep in cortical areas related to vision, and might be used to re-examine vast amounts of visual material collected during the day.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study differs from previous works on TCA cycle metabolites in sleep, as it included a new type of control for stress devised by S ~ R N et al. (1971), and employs the ‘brain blower’ of VEECH et a/.
Abstract: ASERINSKY & KLEITMAN (1953) presented an electroencephalographic study suggesting that sleep contained recurrent periods characterized by an alert pattern on the electroencephalograph and rapid eye movements (REM). REM sleep has subsequently been shown to occur in reptiles, birds and mammals (SNYDER. 1966). It has been associated with a number of physiological traits, including increased cerebral blood flow (REIVICH et al., 1968), temperature changes (KAWAMURA & SAWYER, 1965) and increased oxygen consumption (BREBBIA & ALTSHULER, 1965). These physiological alterations raise the possibility that REM sleep might also be associated with changes in intermediary metabolism. One suggestion of such a relationship was made by KAWAKAMI & YOSHIDA (1965). who showed that the infusion of glucose, lactate, or pyruvate caused an increase in REM sleep in rabbits. Inhibitors of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, such as malonic and fluoroacetic acid, resulted in a marked decrease of REM sleep. The present study is designed to elucidate this relationship by measuring metabolites of glycolysis. the TCA cycle, and high energy phosphates in REM sleep deprived and control rats. This study differs from previous works on TCA cycle metabolites in sleep, as we included a new type of control for stress devised by S ~ R N et al. (1971). This study also employs the ‘brain blower’ of VEECH et a/. (1973). which removes and freezes a 0.7-1.Og sample of brain tissue in a fraction of a second. This helps eliminate anoxic changes in the tissues studied.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data suggest that during sleep, different, although probably interrelated, mechanisms underly RVM evocation and their complexity and control their length, and this may influence the length of evoked RVMs.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1974-Nature
TL;DR: Hartmann as mentioned in this paper described the Functions of Sleep as a function of the human body and body's ability to adapt to sleep states and functions. Pp. ix+198.
Abstract: The Functions of Sleep. By Ernest L. Hartmann. Pp. ix+198. (Yale University: New Haven and London, January 1974.) £3.50 cloth; £1.25 paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
09 Aug 1974-Science
TL;DR: Administration of three different barbiturates reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and drug withdrawal led to a return to baseline REM] values without significant overshoot, suggesting that high REM levels are sometimes associated with the withdrawal of sedative-hypnotic agents.
Abstract: Administration of three different barbiturates reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Drug withdrawal led to a return to baseline REM] values without significant overshoot. Similar results are observed with administration of benzodiazepines in pharmacologically equivalent dosages; therefore, a distinction between these two drug classes on the basis of withdrawal effects on the sleep electroencephalogram appears unwarranted. Further investigation is required determine why high REM levels are sometimes associated with the withdrawal of sedative-hypnotic agents.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Reliability across nights for rapid eye movement activity is reported here for the first time and found to be highly significant.
Abstract: Previous reports on inter-night reliability of sleep stage percentages have not controlled for total sleep time (TST). With TST held constant with either of two methods, REM as well as NREM variables showed significant inter-night correlation coefficients. Reliability across nights for rapid eye movement activity is reported here for the first time and found to be highly significant.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Intracranial self-stimulation from the LC is interpreted as evidence that noradrenergic ICSS sites are part of the REM sleep neural network.
Abstract: Based upon our previous findings that a reciprocal relationship exists between intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, we hypothesized that the ICSS neural network is a part of the REM sleep system and fires during REM sleep. A series of experiments was designed to test a corollary to this hypothesis, that some sites involved in triggering REM sleep are also ICSS sites. We explored five locations: the locus coeruleus (LC), the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) (both posterior midbrain and pontine level), the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF) (midbrain), and the ventral raphe (pontine level). We obtained rate-intensity functions from each animal that displayed ICSS. High to very high (15,000 per hour) rates of ICSS were obtained at several dorsal brain sites. These sites included the LC, pontine aspects of the MLF, and posterior midbrain aspects of the MLF and DLF. ICSS from the LC is interpreted as evidence that noradrenergic ICSS sites are part of the REM sleep neural network.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In the present experiment, rigid control over the sleep and wake-up times was employed in an attempt to contain the natural rhythm to a 24-hr cycle, indicating that, for practical purposes, the free-running sleep-wakefulness rhythm can be contained to a 23-hour cycle by rigid control of the sleep portion of the cycle.
Abstract: In the present experiment, rigid control over the sleep and wake-up times was employed in an attempt to contain the natural rhythm to a 24-hr cycle. Eight subjects were isolated from all time and social cues for 10 days. They were placed on a rigid schedule of sleep between 11 p.m. and 7 a.m. The results indicate that, for practical purposes, the free-running sleep-wakefulness rhythm can be contained to a 24-hr cycle by rigid control of the sleep portion of the cycle. When part of the control was released by allowing the subjects to sleep beyond 7 a.m., they slept an average of 67 min longer and showed sleep latencies which averaged 73 min. From these data it is concluded that control of the sleep portion of the sleep-wakefulness cycle, particularly control of the wake-up time, is sufficient to contain the free-running sleep-wakefulness rhythm to a 24-hr cycle.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results of studies using an on-line automatic analysis of polygraphic records in the rat which distinguishes between waking, rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and nonREM sleep (NREM) are reported.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: If lithium, which is now being used chronically for many patients, were to adversely affect sleep, then these patients may experience long-term sleep alterations of unknown implications and it is of interest to determine what, if any, are the correlations between lithium’s therapeutic and prophylactic effects and its influence on the disturbed sleep pattern of these patients.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The method appears particularly suitable for the differentiation of tonic and phasic components of REM sleep and, thus, for the investigation of REM suppression-compensation models.
Abstract: Recent emphasis on REM sleep abnormalities has begun to yield significant differences between “normals” and patients with affective syndromes or schizophrenia. In our efforts to objectively quantitate aspects of REM sleep during all-night studies in psychiatric patients, we have developed the “REM analyzer” for automatic on-line measurement. As a practical application of the REM analyzer, 20 psychiatric patients (12 inpatients and 8 outpatients) were studied. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal-sleep studies were obtained; predrug and drug periods were also compared. From the REM analyzer, the number of rapid eye movements during each REM period (Cn) and the sum of their integrals during each REM period (In) were recorded. The ratio I/C was named “REM weight” (the “average rapid-eye-movement area“). The objective measures of REM sleep which highly correlate with a number of visual methods of defining REM sleep and with diagnostic and therapeutic implications in affective and schizophrenic disorders are discussed in this paper. The method appears particularly suitable for the differentiation of tonic and phasic components of REM sleep and, thus, for the investigation of REM suppression-compensation models.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Paroxysmal disorders of infancy, childhood and adolescence include breath-holding spells, syncope, narcolepsy, disturbances of arousal, vertigo, and headache due to migraine, seizure equivalents or depression.