Showing papers on "Non-rapid eye movement sleep published in 1977"

Sleepiness and Sleep State on a 90-Min Schedule

Abstract: The effects of REM and slow wave sleep (SWS) on subjective sleepiness were studied in 10 subjects placed on a 90-min sleep-wakefulness schedule for either 51/3 or 6 (24-hr) days. Subjects were permitted to sleep for 30-min periods separated by 60 min of enforced wakefulness. Sleep recordings showed that sleep onset REM periods occurred frequently; REM and SWS appeared during the same sleep period only 27 times; and REM sleep tended to occur on sleep periods that alternated with SWS periods. Sleepiness was measured using the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) given 15 min before (pre-sleep) and 15 min after (post-sleep) each sleep period. Average SSS ratings showed a 24-hr fluctuation in sleepiness. In addition, negative and positive SSS changes tended to alternate with each 90-min period. Significant correlations were found with post-sleep SSS ratings and SWS and with pre-sleep SSS ratings and REM sleep. Differences between pre- and post-sleep SSS scores were also correlated with the sleep states: increased sleepiness was correlated with SWS and decreased sleepiness with REM sleep.

Sleep apnoea syndrome: states of sleep and autonomic dysfunction.

Abstract: Eleven patients with upper airway apnoea during sleep (one with SHY-Drager syndrome) were monitored polygraphically for wakefulness, sleep, and cardiovascular variables. Systemic hypertension and most of the severe arrhythmias recorded during sleep were secondary to repetitive obstructive apnonea and were mediated through the autonomic nervous system. Sleep related elevations of pulmonary arterial pressure were not influenced by atropine or impaired autonomic functions. Upper airway sleep apnoea is sleep related; the type of sleep (REM or NREM) is critical in the appearance of abnormalities. The distinction between two patient subgroups (total sleep dependent and NREM sleep dependent) has haemodynamic, and possibly long-term, implications. Sleep apnoea syndrome should be looked for in pateints with the Shy-Drager syndrome.

Sleep apnoeasyndrome: states ofsleep and autonomic dysfunction

Abstract: s u MM AR Y Elevenpatients withupper airway apnoeaduring sleep (onewithShy-Drager syndrome) were monitored polygraphically forwakefulness, sleep, andcardiovascular variables. Systemic hypertension andmostoftheseverearrhythmias recorded during sleep weresecondary torepetitive obstructive apnoea andwere mediated through theautonomic nervoussystem. Sleep related elevations ofpulmonary arterial pressurewere not influenced byatropine or impaired autonomic functions. Upperairway sleep apnoea issleep related; thetypeofsleep (REM or NREM) iscritical intheappearanceofabnormalities. Thedistinction betweentwo patient subgroups (total sleep dependent andNREM sleep dependent) hashaemodynamic, and possibly long-term, implications. Sleep apnoeasyndrome should belookedforinpatients with theShy-Drager syndrome. During thepastfive yearsconsiderable attention hasbeendirected towardthesleep apnoeasyndromes andthedifferent types ofapnoeaobserved during sleep (Guilleminault etal., 1976b). Speculation aboutthepossible lethal roleplayed by sleep apnoeaininfants (SuddenInfant Death syndrome) (Robinson, 1974), andinadults (MacGregor etal., 1970) hasledtosystematic studies ofsleep apnoeic patients. Haemodynamic changes occurring withupperairway apnoeaduring sleep (Coccagna etal., 1972;Tilkian etal., 1976), and theclinical symptomsassociated withthissyndromeinchildren (Guilleminault etal.,1976a) andadults (Guilleminault etal., 1977)havebeen outlined butverylittle isknownabouttheunderlying pathophysiology. Excessive daytime sleepinesshasbeendemonstrated tobe related to predominantly upperairway apnoeainsleep rather thantodiaphragmatic paralysis (Guilleminault andDement,1977). Theupperairway obstruction traditionally hasbeenregarded asperipheral in aetiology, butChekroverty etal.(1969) havesugAddress forcorrespondence andreprint requests: DrC.Guilleminault, Sleep Disorders Clinic andLaboratory, Stanford University School ofMedicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. Thisresearch wassupported byNational Institute ofNeurological Diseases andStrokeGrantNo.NS 10727: Public HealthService Research GrantNo. R.R.-70; ResearchScientist Development AwardMH 05804toDrDement,andINSERM toDrGuilleminault.

The Beneficial Effect of Sleep in an Extended Jenkins and Dallenbach Paradigm

Abstract: Retention of a paired-associate list of common nouns was tested under two conditions: original learning at night prior to 8 hrs of sleep (Sleep condition), and original learning in the morning prior to a day of normal waking activity (Waking condition). Both conditions were subdivided so that retention was tested at intervals of 8, 16, and 24 hrs after original learning. For both paced and free recall measures of retention, the Sleep condition proved superior to the Waking condition at the 8 hr interval. At 24 hrs, when the amounts of sleep and waking were equated across both conditions thus normalizing for potential interference, the superiority of the Sleep condition over the Waking condition was also observed. There were no differences in retention between the Sleep and Waking conditions at 16 hrs after original learning. This finding was largely influenced by improved recall on the part of subjects in the Waking condition in the interval between 8 and 16 hrs. It was concluded that the consolidation during sleep of verbal materials learned shortly before sleep onset has a beneficial effect on their recall and temporal stability in the 8 to 24 hr period following original learning.

Changes in EEG Amplitude During Sleep with Age

Abstract: The literature on changes in human sleep patterns with age was recently reviewed in detail (Feinberg, 1976). One of the sleep variables most sensitive to age is the amplitude of the electroencephalogram (EEG), especially that of the phase of sleep characterized by dense, high-voltage slow (delta) waves (stages 3 & 4 in the Dement and Kleitman (1957) classification system). Here we shall present hitherto unpublished data which illustrate the increase in EEG amplitude during infancy and its decline during adolescence, the periods of most rapid change. In addition, we shall show that these and other effects of age on delta activity during sleep can be detected by computer analysis during periods of much slower change, even when the analysis is restricted to a narrow age range.

Rapid eye movement cycle is a sleep-dependent rhythm

Abstract: NORMAL nocturnal monophasic sleep is characterised by the cyclic alternation of rapid eye movement (REM) and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, with the REM phase of this cycle recurring approximately every 90–110 min. Kleitman1 hypothesised that an analogous 90–110 min basic rest–activity cycle (BRAC) exists during the awake state, implying a biological clock that continues to operate with the same periodicity throughout the 24-h period (that is, an activity-independent clock). We report here on the effect of altered sleep–wake schedules on the REM cycle and present evidence that the REM cycle is sleep-dependent—it operates only when the organism is sleeping and is not an expression of an activity-independent rhythm.

Comparative study of efficacy of waking and sleep recordings following sleep deprivation as an activation method in the diagnosis of epilepsy.

Abstract: In the present work, on the basis of an unselected collection of patients suspected of epilepsy, the diagnostic value of waking and sleep recordings each after 24 h sleep deprivation are compared with

A method for sleep depriving rats.

Abstract: A method is described for sleep depriving up to 12 rats at a time by placing them in two large rotating cylinders. EEG data, previously unavailable for rats treated in this manner, show that total sleep time was significantly reduced from 47.0 percent to 3.8 percent of a 24-hr period. There was no selective reduction of REM or non-REM sleep.

The insomnia of 'sleeping in a strange place': effects of l-tryptophane.

Abstract: Forty-two normal human subjects were studied in the sleep laboratory for one night each. Fourteen were given placebo at bedtime, 14 took l-tryptophane 1 g, and 14 took l-tryptophane 3 g. Both tryptophane groups had significantly lower sleep latency than the placebo group. The usually discarded ‘first laboratory night’ produces a mild situational insomnia in normal persons and thus can be useful in certain sleep studies.

The tonic aspects of human REM sleep during long-term intensive verbal learning

Abstract: The effect of an all-day, 3-week intensive language course in French on the undisturbed sleep of a male subject is being studied in a long-term experiment. The goal of this study is to obtain further information about the relation between learning and memory processes, and the different aspects of sleep. In most of the numerous theories about the memory function of sleep, it is postulated that REM sleep fulfills a memory-promoting function. The tonic aspect of REM sleep was the first sleep variable analyzed in this study. The results are dealt with in this report. With a meaningful learning task, such as learning a foreign language, it is possible to achieve a high degree of learning motivation. Undesirable side effects from emotional disturbances which might compete with the learning and memory processes in their influence on sleep were not present. The subject was able to accustom himself to sleeping under laboratory conditions during 5 adaptation nights. Forty-five consecutive nights—14 preexperimental baseline, 19 experimental, and 12 postexperimental baseline nights—were recorded. In both baseline phases, the subject was able to arrange his days as desired, but was requested not to undertake any physically or mentally strenuous activity. The percentage of REM sleep during the learning phase showed no significant variation from the baseline phases. The only REM sleep parameter which varied significantly was the latency of the third REM sleep phase. It was—in relation to the time of falling asleep—shortened by about 30 min during the learning phase as opposed to the baseline phases (significant at the 5% level).

The Impact of biology on modern psychiatry

Abstract: Am J Psychiatry 134:12, December 1977 1465 My personal selection of useful bits of information include the following: There are many functional differences between the more concrete and verbal left cerebral hemisphere and the more dreamy, abstract right The basal ganglia control not only motor function but sensory input Seemingly irreversible deficits in brain function might one day be recouped Information appears to be stored diffusely throughout the brain Following destruction of a primary storage center, information could theoretically be recalled from secondary centers that were previously silent due to a signal-to-noise ratio lower than that for the primary center Sensory-deprived subjects are more amenable to attitude change than control subjects REM deprivation has not proved to be disruptive for the dreamer Nor is it unquestioned that REM sleep restores the mind while NREM sleep restores the body Hypnotic susceptibility can be augmented by instructing subjects in how to experience hypnosis and by correcting anxiety-inducing misconceptions about hypnosis It can be predicted that Schwartz and Shapiro’s later volumes will contain fewer speculations and more conclusions Meanwhile, however, the first volume ofConsciousness and Self-Regulation is not the place to start learning about cognition For psychiatrists less strain and more immediate profit will attend the examination of Beck’s familiar if limited perspective (I) and Michael J Mahoney’s shrewdly critiqued compendium (2)

Sleepy and hostile: The effects of REM sleep deprivation on shock-elicited aggression

Abstract: Two studies were conducted to assess the effects of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation on shock-elicited aggression. REM deprivation periods of 0, 24, 48, and 72 h were used in the first study, while 48-, 72-, 96-, and 120-h periods were used in the second study. Both studies indicated that increases in REM deprivation (up to 96 h) resulted in increases in the number of aggressive responses. A decrease was shown by the 120-h group. A drive-energization or motivational-effects model is suggested.

The studies of the attacks of abnormal eye movement in a case of infantile spasms.

Abstract: SUMMARY We observed the attacks of nystagmus in a case of infantile spasms and carried out overnight sleep polygraphy. The following findings were obtained: 1 Awake time was prolonged to 56% of TIB, while sleep time was markedly shortened to 44% of TIB. Also REM sleep time was reduced to 20% of SPT and deep slow sleep (stage N3) was absent. 2 Attacks of nystagmus were observed only during wakefulness. At first, fast wave bursts appeared in the right occipital area, and were followed by left-upward deviations of eyeballs, and then the attacks of counterclockwise right-downward rotatory nystagmus. Also the fast wave bursts were succeeded by spreading of fast waves to adjacent areas. At the same time, EMG exhibited elevated muscle action potentials of mentalis and biceps fernoris. During the attacks of nystagmus, there was alteration of respiratory movements. In NREM sleep, both fast wave bursts and the attacks of nystagmus were not observed. In REM sleep, the fast wave bursts and eye movements were observed but the attacks of nystagmus did not appear. During the fast wave bursts, alteration of respiratory movements were observed. From the results of this study, it was presumed that the brain lesions of this case were extended with severe degree of damage in the great parts of brain containing Cerebral cortex and brain stem.