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Showing papers on "Non-rapid eye movement sleep published in 1980"


Journal ArticleDOI
12 Dec 1980-Science
TL;DR: Two- to threefold variations in sleep length were observed in 12 subjects living on self-selected schedules in an environment free of time cues and the duration of polygraphically recorded sleep episodes was highly correlated with the circadian phase of the body temperature rhythm at bedtime.
Abstract: Two- to threefold variations in sleep length were observed in 12 subjects living on self-selected schedules in an environment free of time cues. The duration of polygraphically recorded sleep episodes was highly correlated with the circadian phase of the body temperature rhythm at bedtime and not with the length of prior wakefulness. Furthermore, the rate of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep accumulation , REM latency, bedtime selection, and self-rated alertness assessments were also correlated with the body temperature rhythm.

887 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that the depressive abnormalities represent a "damaged," weakened sleep cycle "oscillator" and its correlate, a circadian rhythm disturbance, and that REM sleep deprivation improved depression to the extent that it stimulated the oscillator and corrected one manifestation of the circadian rhythm disturbances.
Abstract: We compared sleep variables in 14 drug-free endogenous depressives and in 14 age- and insomnia-matched, nondepressed controls before and after brief rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation by awakenings. Before REM sleep deprivation, compared with controls, depressives had lower REM latency, higher REM frequency, and--a new finding--an abnormal temporal distribution of REM sleep. Depression improvement by REM sleep deprivation correlated with the ameliorative effect of brief REM sleep deprivation on on indicator of the abnormal temporal distribution of REM sleep. Several findings suggest that the depressive abnormalities represent a "damaged," weakened sleep cycle "oscillator" and its correlate, a circadian rhythm disturbance, and that REM sleep deprivation improved depression to the extent that it stimulated the oscillator and corrected one manifestation of the circadian rhythm disturbance.

408 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that although PMS is responsible for disturbed sleep in relatively few patients, chronic sleep‐wake disturbance is associated with PMS and may lead to the development of these movements.
Abstract: Periodic movements in sleep (PMS) are stereotyped, repetitive, nonepileptiform movements of the lower extremities. A total of 409 sleep disorder patients were studied with all-night polysomnogram recording, and 53 (13%) had PMS. Such movements occurred in a wide variety of sleep-wake disorders in addition to insomnia. The prevalence and magnitude of PMS were not statistically greater in patients with insomniac disorders than in those with syndromes of excessive daytime sleepiness or other sleep-wake disorders. The results suggest that although PMS is responsible for disturbed sleep in relatively few patients, chronic sleep-wake disturbance is associated with PMS and may lead to the development of these movements.

315 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
11 Apr 1980-Science
TL;DR: These results, and others, suggest that patients with primary affective illness may have a supersensitive cholinergic system both when they are ill and when their symptoms are in clinical remission.
Abstract: Arecoline, a cholinergic muscarinic receptor agonist, induced rapid eye movement sleep significantly more rapidly in patients with primary affective illness in remission than in normal control subjects matched for age and sex. These results, and others, suggest that patients with primary affective illness may have a supersensitive cholinergic system both when they are ill and when their symptoms are in clinical remission.

185 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Aspects of sleep stage evaluation and analysis of alpha and delta EEG frequencies in sleep were shown to be related to musculo-skeletal pain and mood disturbance in patients with 'fibrositis syndrome'.

147 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1980-Sleep
TL;DR: The results show that there is more REM sleep in the beginning of sleep inSleep episodes of free-running rhythms as compared to sleep episodes of entrained 24 hr rhythms, which can be explained by the different courses of body temperature during sleep.
Abstract: One hundred thirty sleep episodes of 6 subjects, living on a natural 24 hr day, were compared with 116 sleep times of the same subjects living isolated from external time cues The polygraphic sleep recordings were analyzed for the distribution of REM sleep under both conditions Additionally, the relationship between body temperature and REM sleep was analyzed by comparing sleep episodes in which the temperature minimum occurred early in the sleep episode with those in which there was a late temperature minimum The results show that there is more REM sleep in the beginning of sleep in sleep episodes of free-running rhythms as compared to sleep episodes of entrained 24 hr rhythms This higher amount of REM sleep is due to a longer first REM episode and shorter first NREM episodes The comparison of the sleep episodes that differ in the position of the temperature minimum shows similar differences, ie, more REM sleep in the beginning of sleep episodes in which the temperature minimum occurs earlier as compared to episodes in which the temperature minimum occurs later It was hypothesized that the amount of REM sleep depends on the phase relationship between sleep and the circadian temperature cycle From this point of view, the difference in the distribution of REM sleep in the entrained 24 hr rhythm, on the one hand, and the free-running rhythm, on the other hand, can be explained by the different courses of body temperature during sleep That only the first REM episode is influenced by circadian parameters may indicate an exceptional role for this REM episode in contrast to the following episodes

147 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that an analysis of sleep induced changes in depth spike activity can be useful in improving predictions concerning epileptogenicity, and quantification of other aspects of the interictal EEG, such as background activity, may further improve such predictions.

115 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: GBH improved the quality of night sleep by increasing the amount of slow wave sleep, reducing stage I, increasing sleep efficiency, and reducing the number of periods of short sleep under 15 minutes.
Abstract: Continuous 48-hour polygraphic recordings of sleep/waking patterns were performed on 14 patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy before and after 7-10 days of treatment of their nocturnal sleep with gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GBH). GBH improved the quality of night sleep by increasing the amount of slow wave sleep, reducing stage I, increasing sleep efficiency (percentage of time in bed spent asleep), and reducing the number of periods of short sleep under 15 minutes. Also nighttime REM sleep was reduced in latency and became less fragmented. The daytime period contained less slow wave sleep and REM sleep, and fewer episodes of prolonged sleep. Patients experienced reduction or loss of daytime attacks of irresistible sleep, cataplectic attacks, and other auxiliary symptoms. Residual daytime drowsiness subsequently improved on low doses of methylphenidate. Tolerance did not develop and there were no serious toxic side-effects. Four of the patients had been refractory to previous combinations of antidepressants and high doses of stimulants.

92 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The correlation between sleep pattern and cognition was studied in a follow-up of 9 patients with traumatic brain injury, suggesting that the sleep pattern recovery time constant depends on the insult to the sleep mechanism structure whereas the REM steady-state recovery process depends on both cognitive maximal capacity and REM neural mechanism integrity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The mean serum levels of testosterone and PRL during nonrapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep differed significantly from those during the waking period, however, the mean levels of these hormones during REM sleep were not statistically different from Those during NREM sleep.
Abstract: Frequent samples of blood were obtained for serum testosterone, LH, PRL, cortisol, and GH determinations in healthy men while awake and during nocturnal and daytime sleep The results were correlated with polygraphic monitoring of the electroencephalogram, electrooculogram, and electromyogram The mean serum levels of testosterone and PRL during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep differed significantly from those during the waking period However, the mean levels of these hormones during REM sleep were not statistically different from those during NREM sleep Through all states of waking and sleep, the mean level of LH remained unchanged When the periods of nocturnal sleep were divided into four 3-h periods, namely 2000–2300 h (A), 2300–0200 h (B), 0200–0500 h (C), and 0500–0800 (D), testosterone was significantly increased during period D (P < 005) LH levels were similar in all four periods The PRL level was significantly elevated during periods C (P < 001) and D (

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The EEG changes were correlated with the different clinical parameters (type of seizure, frequency and duration of seizures, age at the first seizure and the time of examination, neurological findings, and personality changes).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Oral administration of methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin) increased resting Fg values in awake narcoleptics, particularly in BSC regions, but attenuated Fg increases during sleep onset, which paradoxically increased in Narcolepsy but decreased further in sleep apnea.
Abstract: Regional cerebral flow after inhalation of xenon 133 as well as polysomnography were recorded during daytime sleep and the awake state in patients with narcolepsy and sleep apnea. Brainstem-cerebellar (BSC) gray matter blood flow (Fg) values in the awake state were reduced below normal (p less than 0.05) in both narcolepsy and sleep apnea; in sleep apnea, bihemispheric Fg values were also reduced in the awake state. After sleep onset, Fg paradoxically increased in narcolepsy but decreased further in sleep apnea. Maximal regional Fg changes occurred in BSC regions in both groups of patients. Oral administration of methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin) increased resting Fg values in awake narcoleptics, particularly in BSC regions, but attentuated Fg increases during sleep onset. Regional Fg values during visual dreaming or hypnagogic hallucinations in narcoleptics were maximally increased in right parietooccipital regions. In narcoleptics, impaired control of sleep-wake and REM mechanisms is attentuated by methylphenidate. In patients with sleep apnea, brainstem functional activity is low in the awake state but becomes critically reduced during sleep, culminating in apnea-stimulated arousal followed by repetitive cycles as sleep recurs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Reflex excitability and unstimulated activity of orbicularis oculi were found to vary as a function of state but the effects of weak conditioning stimuli, preceding reflex stimulation by 30--210 msec, were independent of state.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Low doses of alcohol may partially improve sleep, but there are reductions in slow wave activity, and disturbances in REM sleep are likely above 0.32 g/kg.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The effects of a single night of total sleep deprivation were observed in 16 primary depressed patients and responders to treatment were rated as significantly more depressed and revealed a more "depressed" EEG sleep pattern prior to sleep deprivation than did nonresponders.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effects of sleep state and postnatal maturation on steady-state CO2 sensitivity, "inspiratory drive" (VT/TI), and the inspiratory "duty cycle" (TI/Ttot) were examined in nine unanesthetized premature Macaca nemestrina in the first 3 wk of life.
Abstract: The effects of sleep state and postnatal maturation on steady-state CO2 sensitivity, "inspiratory drive" (VT/TI), and the inspiratory "duty cycle" (TI/Ttot) were examined in nine unanesthetized premature Macaca nemestrina in the first 3 wk of life. Minute volume (VE) in room air was less in NREM sleep than in the awake state but there were no differences in VE, VT/TI, or TI/Ttot between REM and NREM sleep. VE and VT/TI corrected for body weight increased in REM and NREM sleep with postnatal maturation whereas TI/Ttot did not vary. Concomitant with this increase in room air VE and VT/TI, an increase in CO2 sensitivity (delta V/delta Paco2) with postnatal maturation was documented in NREM sleep. CO2 sensitivity was similar between REM and NREM states at each postnatal age. The increase in VE following inhalation of 2-5% CO2 was mediated by an increase in VT/TI, whereas TI/Ttot remained constant. The differences in the effect of sleep on CO2 sensitivity between neonates and adults are discussed and possible mechanisms for the observed developmental increase in CO2 sensitivity are proposed.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1980-Sleep
TL;DR: The assumption of serial dependencies between successive REM-NREM sleep cycles was confirmed and data agree with the features of a periodically driven process and are incompatible with the alternatively hypothesized renewal model.
Abstract: The question of the serial dependence of successive REM-NREM sleep cycles was examined. The experiments were performed in two different settings: 309 sleep episodes of 11 healthy young sleepers (age range, 20-36 years) were recorded under entrained conditions in the sleep laboratory; 5 of these subjects also slept in an isolation unit (underground apartment) with free-running sleep-wake cycles for a total of 107 sleep episodes. The covariances between the first three REM-NREM cycles were computed using an intraindividual cross-night approach. Significant negative covariances were observed. This result confirmed the assumption of serial dependencies between successive REM-NREM cycles. These data agree with the features of a periodically driven process and are incompatible with the alternatively hypothesized renewal model. The periodically driven process is similar in concept to the basic rest-activity cycle.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that a huge increase in REM sleep above habitual levels when sleep is extended has virtually no effect on the onset, amount or distribution of REM on the following night.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that the method of period and amplitude analysis is reliable and encourage its application in studies of aging and in other conditions where sleep is altered.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the fetus, the monosynaptic reflex (MSR) induced by direct electrical stimulation of the fibular nerve was enhanced by about 75% during REM sleep compared to NREM and AW, and in the newborn lamb the adult pattern of suppression of MSR duringREM sleep was not seen until several days after birth.
Abstract: 1. Electrocorticogram (ECoG), electromyogram (EMG) of the lateral rectus and antigravity muscles (neck and masseter) and breathing activity (FB) were monitored in chronically prepared fetal sheep of 125-140 days gestation and in newborn lambs up to 11 days postnatal age. 2. Awake state (AW), non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM) were defined using standard criteria for ECoG, eye movements and postural muscle tone. 3. The percentage of time the fetuses spent in each state was: NREM sleep 53%, REM sleep 41.4%, and AW 5.6%. 4. Spontaneous intrauterine breathing activity occurred only during REM sleep, but 35% of REM sleep was not associated with FB. 5. Gasps (isolated deep inspirations) appeared occasionally throughout the recording and were not related to any specific sleep state or wakefulness. 6. In the fetus, the monosynaptic reflex (MSR) induced by direct electrical stimulation of the fibular nerve was enhanced by about 75% during REM sleep compared to NREM and AW. In the newborn lamb the adult pattern of suppression of MSR during REM sleep was not seen until several days after birth.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These are the first awake and ambulatory humans in whom consistent abscence of REM sleep has been demonstrated and both behaved appropriately during wakefulness and showed no overt psychological abnormalities.
Abstract: The pontine tegmentum contains the neurons responsible for generation of saccadic eye movements and certain phases of sleep. We studied two genetically unrelated patients with spinocerebellar degeneration and slow saccadic eye movements. Multiple all-night sleep studies in both patients disclosed absence of REM and stage 4 sleep with an extremely short stage 3 and long stage 2. Both patients had a sleep stage (X) not previously reported. These are the first awake and ambulatory humans in whom consistent absence of REM sleep has been demonstrated. Both behaved appropriately during wakefulness and showed no overt psychological abnormalities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: EEG findings after sleep deprivation in 452 cases are reported and effectiveness and specificity of this activating method in the field of epilepsy both in adult and in younger people are emphasized.
Abstract: EEG findings after sleep deprivation in 452 cases are reported. Effectiveness and specificity of this activating method in the field of epilepsy both in adult and in younger people are emphasized.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Patients selected as potential early dropouts from insight-oriented psychotherapy were offered a two-week program to prepare them for treatment and those who successfully retrieved and discussed dreams as opposed to other content stayed in therapy at a significantly higher rate and used the hours more productively.
Abstract: Forty-eight patients selected as potential early dropouts from insight-oriented psychotherapy were offered a two-week program to prepare them for treatment. Thirty-two were sleep-monitored for eight nights; half were given access to their dreams by awakening them from rapid eye movement (REM) sleep periods; the other half were awakened as often, but only from non-FEM (NREM) stages. A third group of 16 subjects went directly into treatment. All laboratory subjects were asked each morning to recall and discuss the reports they had given during the night. The effect of these discussions was measured on the drop-out rate during the first ten treatment hours and on the development of treatment-appropriate behaviors. Those who successfully retrieved and discussed dreams as opposed to other content stayed in therapy at a significantly higher rate and used the hours more productively.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A group of 27 elderly patients with complaints of either chronic insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness were studied in the Sleep Evaluation Center of Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic during the period January 1977–June 1979.
Abstract: A group of 27 elderly patients with complaints of either chronic insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness were studied in the Sleep Evaluation Center of Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic during the period January 1977-June 1979. On the basis of anamnestic data from patients and bedroom partners, together with polysomnographic findings, sleep disturbances were classified according to the nosology of the Association of Sleep Disorders Centers. Of the 27 patients, 19 had disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep (DIMS), 7 had disorders of excessive somnolence (DOES), and 1 had parasomnia (episodic nocturnal wandering). Of the 19 DIMS patients, two-thirds had either a primary affective disorder (depression) or a persistent psychophysiologic disturbance. Of the 7 DOES patients, 6 had a primary sleep disorder such as a sleep apnea syndrome or narcolepsy-cataplexy. Additional electroencephalographic sleep data are presented on elderly patients with primary nonpsychotic depression. The latency of rapid eye movements (REM) in the depressed patients was shorter (p less than 0.05) than in patients with a persistent psychophysiologic disturbance. The percentage of REM sleep was significantly elevated (p less than 0.05) in the depressed group, and intermittent wakefulness was decreased (p less than 0.01). The causes of sleep disturbance in the elderly are both heterogeneous and complex. The need for accurate differential diagnosis and a multiaxial approach is stressed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that the EEG recorded in nocturnal sleep may serve as a useful indicator of abnormality in mentally retarded children.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In 29 psychotically depressed patients, those patients with delusions of guilt or sin demonstrated both increased sleep discontinuity and decreased REM sleep, especially during the first REM period, while patients with somatic delusions showed increased REM activity, especially in the firstREM period.