Non-rapid eye movement sleep

About: Non-rapid eye movement sleep is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8661 publications have been published within this topic receiving 389465 citations. The topic is also known as: NREM.

Sleep deprivation in the rat: X. Integration and discussion of the findings.

Abstract: The results of a series of studies on total and selective sleep deprivation in the rat are integrated and discussed. These studies showed that total sleep deprivation, paradoxical sleep deprivation, and disruption and/or deprivation of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep produced a reliable syndrome that included death, debilitated appearance, skin lesions, increased food intake, weight loss, increased energy expenditure, decreased body temperature during the late stages of deprivation, increased plasma norepinephrine, and decreased plasma thyroxine. The significance of this syndrome for the function of sleep is not entirely clear, but several changes suggested that sleep may be necessary for effective thermoregulation.

Respiration during sleep in normal man.

Abstract: Respiratory volumes and timing have been measured in 19 healthy adults during wakefulness and sleep. Minute ventilation was significantly less (p less than 0.05) in all stages of sleep than when the subject was awake (7.66 +/- 0.34(SEM) 1/min), the level in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep (6.46 +/- 0.29 1/min) being significantly lower than in non-REM sleep (7.18 +/- 0.39 1/min). The breathing pattern during all stages of sleep was significantly more rapid and shallow than during wakefulness, tidal volume in REM sleep being reduced to 73% of the level during wakefulness. Mean inspiratory flow rate (VT/Ti), an index of inspiratory drive, was significantly lower in REM sleep than during wakefulness or non-REM sleep. Thus ventilation falls during sleep, the greatest reduction occurring during REM sleep, when there is a parallel reduction in inspiratory drive. Similar changes in ventilation may contribute to the REM-associated hypoxaemia observed in normal subjects and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The cyclic alternating pattern as a physiologic component of normal NREM sleep.

Abstract: The cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) is a long-lasting periodic activity consisting of two alternate electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns. This variation in EEG is closely related to fluctuations in the level of arousal that characterize two different functional states in the arousal control mechanism. We studied 20 sleep records of 10 healthy subjects to see if CAP appears under physiologic conditions. During NREM sleep, CAP corresponded to a periodic succession of spontaneous phasic phenomena recurring within every stage, i.e., intermittent alpha rhythm, K-complex sequences, and reactive slow wave sequences. The following analyses were performed. Each EEG specific alternating pattern, defined as a cycle, was subdivided into two phases depending on the arousal response to stimulation. Average cycle length, average duration of each phase, and average ratio phase/cycle were calculated. CAP rate defined as (CAP time/Sleep time) was calculated for total sleep time (TST), (Cap time/TST); for NREM sleep, (CAP time/Total NREM); and for each NREM sleep stage. CAP is the EEG translation of the reorganization of the sleeping brain challenged by the modification of environmental conditions.

A review of 50 children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Abstract: Fifty children and adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and related breathing disorders during sleep are reviewed. Subjects were subdivided according to whether their breathing irregularity was secondary to a medical problem (group I) or was the primary complaint (group II). The most common presenting complaint was excessive daytime somnolence; hyperactivity and antisocial behavior also were cited frequently. In 20% of cases, substantial personality changes were reported. Clinical symptoms included failure to thrive, abnormal weight for age, acute cardiac or cardiorespiratory failure, hypertension, and frequent upper airway infections. Continuous, heavy snoring was reported in all cases; disrupted nocturnal sleep, sleep walking, nightmares, and enuresis were common. All subjects, and 22 control patients, were monitored polygraphically during sleep for at least one night. Nocturnal sleep in the reported population was severely disrupted. A complete disappearance of stage 3 NREM sleep was noted in 86% of cases; REM sleep was decreased less. The management of these cases is reviewed. Eight patients received permanent tracheostomies. Thirty children had tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy (three later required tracheostomy). Non-surgical approaches also were used, particularly in group 1. Follow-up on these cases to date is presented.