Non-rapid eye movement sleep

About: Non-rapid eye movement sleep is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8661 publications have been published within this topic receiving 389465 citations. The topic is also known as: NREM.

Changes in forebrain function from waking to REM sleep in depression: preliminary analyses of [18F]FDG PET studies.

Abstract: Based on recent functional brain imaging studies of healthy human REM sleep, we hypothesized that alterations in REM sleep in mood disorder patients reflect a functional dysregulation within limbic and paralimbic forebrain structures during that sleep state. Six unipolar depressed subjects and eight healthy subjects underwent separate [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ([18F]FDG) PET scans during waking and during their first REM period of sleep. Statistical parametric mapping contrasts were performed to detect changes in relative regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCMRglu) from waking to REM sleep in each group as well as interactions in patterns of change between groups. Clinical and EEG sleep comparisons from an undisturbed night of sleep were also performed. In contrast to healthy control subjects, depressed patients did not show increases in rCMRglu in anterior paralimbic structures in REM sleep compared to waking. Depressed subjects showed greater increases from waking to REM sleep in rCMRglu in the tectal area and a series of left hemispheric areas including sensorimotor cortex, inferior temporal cortex, uncal gyrus-amygdala, and subicular complex than did the control subjects. These observations indicate that changes in limbic and paralimbic function from waking to REM sleep differ significantly from normal in depressed patients.

Respiratory muscle activity and oxygenation during sleep in patients with muscle weakness

Abstract: Patients with respiratory muscle weakness show nocturnal hypoventilation, with oxygen desaturation particularly during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but evidence in individuals with isolated bilateral diaphragmatic paresis (BDP) is conflicting. The effect of sleep on relative activity of the different respiratory muscles of such patients and, consequently, the precise mechanisms causing desaturation have not been clarified. We have studied eight patients, four with generalized muscle weakness and four with isolated BDP during nocturnal sleep with measurements including oxygen saturation and surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of various respiratory muscle groups. Nocturnal oxygenation correlated inversely with postural fall in vital capacity, an index of diaphragmatic strength. During REM sleep, hypopnoea and desaturation occurred particularly during periods of rapid eye movements (phasic REM sleep). In most subjects, such events were "central" in type and associated with marked suppression of intercostal muscle activity, but two subjects had recurrent desaturation due to "obstructive" hypopnoea and/or apnoea. Expiratory activity of the external oblique muscle was present whilst awake and during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in seven of the eight subjects in the semirecumbent posture. This probably represents an "accessory inspiratory" effect, which aids passive caudal diaphragmatic motion as the abdominal muscles relax at the onset of inspiration. Expiratory abdominal muscle activity was suppressed in phasic REM sleep, suggesting that loss of this "accessory inspiratory" effect may contribute to "central" hypopnoea. We conclude that, in patients with muscle weakness, nocturnal oxygenation correlates with diaphragmatic strength.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The sleep of depressed patients. An EEG and eye movement study.

Abstract: Introduction IT IS A common clinical impression that depressed patients obtain less sleep, experience early morning awakening, and complain of less restful sleep. Diaz-Guerrero et al 5 studied the sleep of six manic-depressive psychotics, depressive type, by recording their all-night electroencephalogram (EEG). They report that, after excluding the waking record time, the patients had twice as much low voltage recording of light sleep as controls, half as much spindles plus random, and more sleep depth changes. Oswald et al 7 studied the effect of heptabarbital on six depressed patients and six controls by recording for each the all-night EEG and electro-oculogram (EOG) for four successive nights. The drug was administered in 400 mg doses on two of the four nights. They report no abnormality in the sleep which was characteristic of this group of depressed patients other than excessive wakefulness, which was equally

Subjective Sleep Complaints in Pediatric Depression: A Controlled Study and Comparison with EEG Measures of Sleep and Waking.

Abstract: Objective Children with major depressive disorder (MDD) often complain of sleep disturbances; however, polysomnographic studies have failed to find objective evidence of these disturbances. This article examines subjective sleep reports of children with MDD and healthy controls focusing on comparing subjective and objective sleep measures. Method Fifty-one subjects with MDD and 42 healthy subjects, 8-17 years old, participated in a comprehensive psychobiologic study including three nights of EEG sleep recording. Each morning, subjects completed a postsleep form subjectively rating their sleep, which was then compared with their polysomnographic studies. Results Depressed subjects reported significantly worse sleep on four scales: subjective sleep quality, perceived number of awakenings, estimated minutes awake, and perceived ease of waking. In contrast to these subjective complaints, objective EEG measures indicated no evidence of disturbed sleep in the depressed sample compared to controls. Furthermore, exploratory analyses focusing on the subset of depressed subjects with the greatest subjective sleep disturbance showed, paradoxically, significantly better sleep in terms of the number of EEG awakenings and objective disturbances. Conclusions Despite clinical evidence of subjective sleep complaints in depressed children, our EEG measures showed little evidence to indicate an objective basis for these perceptions. These findings raise provocative questions regarding the nature of sleep complaints associated with early-onset depression.