Topic
Non-rapid eye movement sleep
About: Non-rapid eye movement sleep is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8661 publications have been published within this topic receiving 389465 citations. The topic is also known as: NREM.
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01 Jan 1963TL;DR: For half a century, "Sleep and Wakefulness" has been a valuable reference work as discussed by the authors It discusses phases of the sleep cycle, experimental work on sleep and wakefulness, sleep disorders and their treatment, and such sleep-like states as hypnosis and hibernation.
Abstract: For half a century, "Sleep and Wakefulness" has been a valuable reference work It discusses phases of the sleep cycle, experimental work on sleep and wakefulness, sleep disorders and their treatment, and such sleep-like states as hypnosis and hibernation
1,096 citations
TL;DR: The electroencephalographic records from 43 subjects who slept for four consecutive nights in a laboratory environment showed that the first night of laboratory sleep contains more awake periods and less Stage I-rapid eye movement sleep.
Abstract: The electroencephalographic records from 43 subjects who slept for four consecutive nights in a laboratory environment were studied in an effort to describe the First Night Effect. These records showed that the first night of laboratory sleep contains more awake periods and less Stage I-rapid eye movement sleep. There is a delay in the onset of Stages IV and I-REM and the sleep is more changeable. These effects rapidly adapt out by the second night of sleep.
1,094 citations
TL;DR: A brainstem flip–flop switch is proposed, consisting of mutually inhibitory REM-off and REM-on areas in the mesopontine tegmentum that contain GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-ergic neurons that heavily innervate the other.
Abstract: Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep consists of a dreaming state in which there is activation of the cortical and hippocampal electroencephalogram (EEG), rapid eye movements, and loss of muscle tone. Although REM sleep was discovered more than 50 years ago, the neuronal circuits responsible for switching between REM and non-REM (NREM) sleep remain poorly understood. Here we propose a brainstem flip–flop switch, consisting of mutually inhibitory REM-off and REM-on areas in the mesopontine tegmentum. Each side contains GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-ergic neurons that heavily innervate the other. The REM-on area also contains two populations of glutamatergic neurons. One set projects to the basal forebrain and regulates EEG components of REM sleep, whereas the other projects to the medulla and spinal cord and regulates atonia during REM sleep. The mutually inhibitory interactions of the REM-on and REM-off areas may form a flip–flop switch that sharpens state transitions and makes them vulnerable to sudden, unwanted transitions—for example, in narcolepsy. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a dreaming state in which the brain is highly active. The mechanism responsible for switching between REM and non-REM sleep (also called slow-wave sleep, when cortical activity is slow) is poorly understood. Now, based on detailed anatomy and lesion experiments, Lu et al. have identified brainstem regions that control the transition from REM to non-REM sleep. The REM-off and REM-on areas are mutually inhibitory. This appears to produce a flip-flop switch relationship that could explain many of the properties of the abrupt switching into and out of REM states seen in sleep disorders such as narcolepsy.
1,073 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that long temporal sequences of patterned multineuronal activity suggestive of episodic memory traces are reactivated during REM sleep, which may be important for memory processing and provides a basis for the electrophysiological examination of the content of dream states.
1,058 citations
TL;DR: These REM sleep neurobehavioral disorders constitute another category of parasomnia, replicate findings from 21 years ago in cats receiving pontine tegmental lesions, and offer additional perspectives on human behavior, neurophysiology, pharmacology, and dream phenomenology.
Abstract: Four men, aged 67-72 years, had 4-month to 6-year histories of injuring themselves or their spouses with aggressive behaviors during sleep, often during attempted dream enactment. A 60-year-old woman had disruptive though nonviolent sleep and dream behaviors. Polysomnography did not detect seizures but did document REM sleep pathology with variable loss of chin atonia, extraordinarily increased limb-twitch activity, and increased REM ocular activity and density. A broad range of REM sleep behaviors was recorded on videotape, including stereotypical hand motions, reaching and searching gestures, punches, kicks, and verified dream movements. Stage 3-4 slow wave sleep was elevated for age in all patients. NREM sleep was devoid of harmful behaviors, although three men had periodic myoclonus. There was no associated psychiatric disorder, whereas serious neurologic disorder was closely associated in four cases: olivo-ponto-cerebellar degeneration, Guillain-Barre syndrome, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and an atypical dementia. Two patients had immediate and lasting sleep behavioral suppression induced by clonazepam, and another patient had the same response with desipramine. All instances of drug discontinuation prompted immediate relapse. In four cases there was associated dream hyperactivity, which resolved with behavioral control. These REM sleep neurobehavioral disorders constitute another category of parasomnia, replicate findings from 21 years ago in cats receiving pontine tegmental lesions, and offer additional perspectives on human behavior, neurophysiology, pharmacology, and dream phenomenology.
1,013 citations