Topic
Non-rapid eye movement sleep
About: Non-rapid eye movement sleep is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8661 publications have been published within this topic receiving 389465 citations. The topic is also known as: NREM.
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TL;DR: It is concluded that NPAS2 plays a role in sleep homeostasis, most likely at the level of the thalamus and cortex, whereNPAS2 is abundantly expressed.
Abstract: Because the transcription factor neuronal Per-Arnt-Sim-type signal-sensor protein-domain protein 2 (NPAS2) acts both as a sensor and an effector of intracellular energy balance, and because sleep is thought to correct an energy imbalance incurred during waking, we examined NPAS2's role in sleep homeostasis using npas2 knockout (npas2−/−) mice. We found that, under conditions of increased sleep need, i.e., at the end of the active period or after sleep deprivation (SD), NPAS2 allows for sleep to occur at times when mice are normally awake. Lack of npas2 affected electroencephalogram activity of thalamocortical origin; during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), activity in the spindle range (10–15 Hz) was reduced, and within the delta range (1–4 Hz), activity shifted toward faster frequencies. In addition, the increase in the cortical expression of the NPAS2 target gene period2 (per2) after SD was attenuated in npas2−/− mice. This implies that NPAS2 importantly contributes to the previously documented wake-dependent increase in cortical per2 expression. The data also revealed numerous sex differences in sleep; in females, sleep need accumulated at a slower rate, and REMS loss was not recovered after SD. In contrast, the rebound in NREMS time after SD was compromised only in npas2−/− males. We conclude that NPAS2 plays a role in sleep homeostasis, most likely at the level of the thalamus and cortex, where NPAS2 is abundantly expressed.
170 citations
TL;DR: This article focuses on sleep stages and behaviors that are associated with characteristic EEG patterns.
170 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a rat EEG was recorded during 6 hours of sleep deprivation in the first half of the light period (SDL, n = 7) and the EEG showed an increase in the delta (1.5-4 Hz) and low theta (5-6.5 Hz) bands.
170 citations
TL;DR: An abnormal deep sleep associated with a high SWS fragmentation might be responsible for the occurrence of SW or ST episodes.
170 citations
TL;DR: An increase in sleep instability and in arousal oscillation seems to be a typical microstructural feature of delta sleep-related parasomnias and probably plays a role in triggering abnormal motor episodes during sleep in patients with motor and behavioral phenomena during sleep.
Abstract: Some non-rapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnias, such as sleep-walking (SW), sleep terror (ST) and, in some aspects, sleep enuresis (SE), are considered "arousal disorders" without significant polysomnographic changes in classic sleep macrostructure. The aim of our study was to evaluate sleep microstructure and oscillations of arousal level by cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) scoring in some NREM parasomnias. Nocturnal polysomnography and videotape recording was used to study 21 patients with motor and behavioral phenomena during sleep: 13 in Group A (seven SW, six ST) with delta sleep-related episodes, eight in Group B with other parasomnias (six sleep bruxism and two SE), and six healthy controls. Classic sleep macrostructural parameters were no different in the parasomniacs and controls. Compared with the controls, our patients' sleep microstructure, scored by CAP analysis, showed increases in CAP rate (a measure of NREM instability with high level of arousal oscillation), in number of the CAP cycles, and in arousals with EEG synchronization, the increases being more significant in Group A than in Group B. An increase in sleep instability and in arousal oscillation seems to be a typical microstructural feature of delta sleep-related parasomnias and probably plays a role in triggering abnormal motor episodes during sleep in these patients.
170 citations