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Nuclear DNA
About: Nuclear DNA is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 3933 publications have been published within this topic receiving 185830 citations.
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TL;DR: Nuclear DNA helicase II has been purified to near-homogeneity by exploiting its high affinity to poly[(rI).(rC)]-agarose, and may function in both DNA and RNA unwinding.
Abstract: Nuclear DNA helicase II (NDH II) has been purified to near-homogeneity by exploiting its high affinity to poly[(rI).(rC)]-agarose. The purified enzyme was obtained as two catalytically active forms of 130- and 100-kDa molecular mass, respectively. After treatment with cyanogen bromide, the separated polypeptides displayed very similar digestion patterns. Thus, the 100-kDa form most likely is a proteolytic product of the 130-kDa polypeptide. For DNA unwinding, NDH II could use any of the four rNTPs or dNTPs with Km values between 20 and 100 microM. DNA unwinding was stimulated up to 20-fold by substrates that contained single-stranded 3'-tails. NDH II-catalyzed DNA unwinding was strongly inhibited by RNA, but was little affected by DNA. The strongest RNA inhibitor, poly[(rI).(rC)], was also the strongest effector of the NTPase activity of NDH II. The binding constant for poly[(rI).(rC)] binding was about 2 x 10(7) M-1; the minimal binding site size was determined as 16 nucleotides. In agreement with its high affinity to RNA, NDH II unwound double-stranded RNA. RNA unwinding required the presence of a nucleoside triphosphate and a divalent cation (Mg2+). Thus, like the prototypic replicative helicase large T antigen of simian virus 40, NDH II may function in both DNA and RNA unwinding.
105 citations
TL;DR: The aim is to clarify existing differences of opinion in the fields of NET formation and neutrophil death by discriminating between the mechanisms responsible for the release of mitochondrial versus nuclear DNA and address their respective functions.
Abstract: Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is a cellular function of neutrophils that facilitates the immobilization and killing of invading microorganisms in the extracellular milieu. To form NETs, neutrophils release a DNA scaffold consisting of mitochondrial DNA binding granule proteins. This process does not depend on cell death, but requires glycolytic ATP production for rearrangements in the microtubule network and F-actin. Such cytoskeletal rearrangements are essential for both mitochondrial DNA release and degranulation. However, the formation of NETs has also been described as a distinct form of programed, necrotic cell death, a process designated "NETosis." Necrotic cell death of neutrophils is associated with the permeabilization of both plasma and nuclear membranes resulting in a kind of extracellular cloud of nuclear DNA. The molecular mechanisms eliciting necrotic neutrophil death have been investigated and appear to be different from those responsible for NET formation following mitochondrial DNA release. Here, we discriminate between the mechanisms responsible for the release of mitochondrial versus nuclear DNA and address their respective functions. Our aim is to clarify existing differences of opinion in the fields of NET formation and neutrophil death.
105 citations
TL;DR: The evidence for the involvement of p53 in maintaining the integrity of mtDNA through its activities in both the nucleus and the mitochondria is reviewed.
104 citations
TL;DR: This is the first report demonstrating that regular exercise can reduce significantly oxidative damage to both the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and suggests that the apparent beneficial outcomes in reducing the DNA damage by regular Exercise can be interpreted in terms of hormetic effect by moderate oxidative stress and potential adaptation to stronger stresses.
104 citations
TL;DR: This study used restriction fragment polymorphisms in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA to confirm what had been surmised from the studies of mating interactions among isolates of Armillaria mellea (broad sense): that the "biological species" are distinct entities among which genetic divergence has occurred.
Abstract: This study used restriction fragment polymorphisms in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA to confirm what had been surmised from the studies of mating interactions among isolates of Armillaria mellea (broad sense): that the "biological species" are distinct entities among which genetic divergence has occurred. We examined the DNAs of 16 isolates representing 8 biological species. Three different types of DNA were used as probes in Southern hybridizations with EcoRI-digested, whole-cell or nuclear DNAs: i) total mitochondrial DNA from a strain of biological species I, ii) ten bacterial plasmid clones carrying random EcoRI fragments of nuclear DNA from a strain of biological species I, and iii) a plasmid clone carrying the entire rDNA repeat from Schizophyllum commune. Most of the restriction fragments identified were variable in the sample and most of the variability was between, rather than within, biological species.
104 citations