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Nuremberg trials

About: Nuremberg trials is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 524 publications have been published within this topic receiving 7722 citations. The topic is also known as: Nürnberg trials.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Nuremberg Code says that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision.
Abstract: The Nuremberg Code 1. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, overreaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion; and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision. This latter element requires that before the acceptance of an affirmative decision by . . .

478 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
07 Dec 1996-BMJ
TL;DR: New research indicates that ethical issues of informed consent in guidelines for human experimentation were recognised as early as the nineteenth century, which shed light on the still contentious issue of when the concepts of autonomy, informed consent, and therapeutic and non-therapeutic research first emerged.
Abstract: The issue of ethics with respect to medical experimentation in Germany during the 1930s and 1940s was crucial at the Nuremberg trials and related trials of doctors and public health officials. Those involved in horrible crimes attempted to excuse themselves by arguing that there were no explicit rules governing medical research on human beings in Germany during the period and that research practices in Germany were not different from those in allied countries. In this context the Nuremberg code of 1947 is generally regarded as the first document to set out ethical regulations in human experimentation based on informed consent. New research, however, indicates that ethical issues of informed consent in guidelines for human experimentation were recognised as early as the nineteenth century. These guidelines shed light on the still contentious issue of when the concepts of autonomy, informed consent, and therapeutic and non-therapeutic research first emerged. This issue assumes renewed importance in the context of current attempts to assess liability and responsibility for the abuse of people in various experiments conducted since the second world war in the United States, Canada, Russia, and other nations.

392 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Jennifer Katz1
27 Nov 1996-JAMA
TL;DR: The Nuremberg Code includes 10 principles to guide physician-investigators in experiments involving human subjects based on legal concepts because medical codes of ethics existent at the time of the Nazi atrocities did not address consent and other safeguards for human subjects.
Abstract: The Nuremberg Code includes 10 principles to guide physician-investigators in experiments involving human subjects. These principles, particularly the first principle on "voluntary consent," primarily were based on legal concepts because medical codes of ethics existent at the time of the Nazi atrocities did not address consent and other safeguards for human subjects. The US judges who presided over the proceedings did not intend the Code to apply only to the case before them, to be a response to the atrocities committed by the Nazi physicians, or to be inapplicable to research as it is customarily carried on in medical institutions. Instead, a careful reading of the judgment suggests that they wrote the Code for the practice of human experimentation whenever it is being conducted.

213 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Paul Weindling1
TL;DR: Ivy's interaction with the judges at Nuremberg alerted them to the importance of formulating ethical guidelines for clinical research, and subsequent responses by the American Medical Association and by other war crimes experts are evaluated.
Abstract: The Nuremberg Code has generally been seen as arising from the Nuremberg Medical Trial. This paper examines developments prior to the Trial, involving the physiologist Andrew Conway Ivy and an inter-Allied Scientific Commission on Medical War Crimes. The paper traces the formulation of the concept of a medical war crime by the physiologist John West Thompson, as part of the background to Ivy's code on human experiments of 1 August 1946. It evaluates subsequent responses by the American Medical Association, and by other war crimes experts, notably Leo Alexander, who developed Ivy's conceptual framework. Ivy's interaction with the judges at Nuremberg alerted them to the importance of formulating ethical guidelines for clinical research.

198 citations

Book ChapterDOI
31 Dec 2000
TL;DR: Enzensberger as mentioned in this paper argues that the memory of the post-Second World War period is incomplete and provincial, if it is not entirely lost in repression or nostalgia, and that the frontiers of Europe and with them the forms of identity associated with the term ‘European' were shaped by two dominant concerns: the pattern of division drafted at Yalta and frozen into place during the Cold War, and the desire, common to both sides of the divide, to forget the recent past and forge a new continent.
Abstract: Fifty years after the catastrophe, Europe understands itself more than ever as a common project, yet it is far from achieving a comprehensive analysis of the years immediately following the Second World War. The memory of the period is incomplete and provincial, if it is not entirely lost in repression or nostalgia. Hans-Magnus Enzensberger From the end of the Second World War until the revolutions of 1989, the frontiers of Europe and with them the forms of identity associated with the term ‘European’ were shaped by two dominant concerns: the pattern of division drafted at Yalta and frozen into place during the Cold War, and the desire, common to both sides of the divide, to forget the recent past and forge a new continent. In the West this took the form of a movement for trans-national unification tied to the reconstruction and modernisation of the west European economy; in the East an analogous unity, similarly obsessed with productivity, was imposed in the name of a shared interest in social revolution. Both sides of the divide had good reason to put behind them the experience of war and occupation, and a future-oriented vocabulary of social harmony and material improvement emerged to occupy a public space hitherto filled with older, divisive and more provincial claims and resentments.

189 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20235
202234
202110
20208
201910
201817