scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Object (computer science) published in 1974"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper describes the design philosophy of HYDRA—the kernel of an operating system for C.mmp, the Carnegie-Mellon Multi-Mini-Processor, through the introduction of a generalized notion of “resource,” both physical and virtual, called an “object.”
Abstract: This paper describes the design philosophy of HYDRA—the kernel of an operating system for C.mmp, the Carnegie-Mellon Multi-Mini-Processor. This philosophy is realized through the introduction of a generalized notion of “resource,” both physical and virtual, called an “object.” Mechanisms are presented for dealing with objects, including the creation of new types, specification of new operations applicable to a given type, sharing, and protection of any reference to a given object against improper application of any of the operations defined with respect to that type of object. The mechanisms provide a coherent basis for extension of the system in two directions: the introduction of new facilities, and the creation of highly secure systems.

534 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper describes an implementation of recursion which is both correct and optimal in a general class of sequential languages, and therefore constitutes an attractive alternative to both “ call-by-name” and “call- by-value”.

125 citations


01 Nov 1974
TL;DR: The design of AL is described, which is currently being implemented as a successor to the Stanford WAVE system, and includes advanced features for describing individual motions of manipulators, for using sensory information, and for describing assembly algorithms in terms of common domain-specific primitives.
Abstract: AL is a high-level programming system for specification of manipulatory tasks such as assembly of an object from parts. AL includes an ALGOL-like source language, a translator for converting programs into runnable code, and a runtime system for controlling manipulators and other devices. The system includes advanced features for describing individual motions of manipulators, for using sensory information, and for describing assembly algorithms in terms of common domain-specific primitives. This document describes the design of AL, which is currently being implemented as a successor to the Stanford WAVE system.

63 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that when an object moves to a new place, year-old infants approach both its new location and its prior location, and that these object locations are not treated as mutually exclusive by the infant even when the object is visible at the new position and visibly absent from the old location.

56 citations


Patent
22 Mar 1974
TL;DR: In this article, a television camera receives an image on its sensitive surface, and the direction of the object is registered continuously in a data processing unit in order to estimate the position of the moving object.
Abstract: This system observes and registers the instantaneous position of a moving, distant object. A television camera receives an image on its sensitive surface, and direction of the object is registered continuously in a data processing unit. The range of the object is measured by transmitting two spaced, high frequency radiations to the object, on which is mounted a radio frequency transmitter to be actuated by the transmitted radiations, to transmit return radiations, which are compared with the original transmissions to measure the distance of the object and register the distance in the data processing unit. The data processing unit registers the direction and distance of the object.

39 citations


Patent
03 Oct 1974
TL;DR: In this article, the diameter of moving wire in a wire mill is measured by means of an optical system to be projected on an opto-electrical member, the output signal of which being a measure of the dimension wanted.
Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for contactless measuring of dimensions of objects, in particular the measurement of the diameter of moving wire in a wire-mill, whereby the contours of the object in one dimension are arranged by means of an optical system to be projected on an opto-electrical member, the output signal of which being a measure of the dimension wanted.

34 citations



Patent
06 Feb 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, radio signals generated from a transmitter mounted on a moving object are induced into a plurality of crossed pairs of lines and into a reference pair of parallel lines, and the difference in phase between the signals induced in the crossed pairs and reference pair is used precisely to identify the location of the moving object.
Abstract: Radio signals generated from a transmitter mounted on a moving object are induced into a plurality of crossed pairs of lines and into a reference pair of parallel lines. The difference in phase between the signals induced in the crossed pairs and reference pair of lines is used precisely to identify the location of the moving object.

27 citations


Book ChapterDOI
29 Jul 1974
TL;DR: It is a common problem of all branches of mathematics to represent an object by using other-possibly simpler — ones by investigating how various elements of certain type are composed.
Abstract: It is a common problem of all branches of mathematics to represent an object (algebraic structure, function etc.) by using other-possibly simpler — ones. Similarly, in the theory of automata such investigations are useful for two reasons. (1) For practical reasons, real automata are composed of various elements of certain type. (2) Several properties of a composition of automata can be deduced from those of its factors.

25 citations


Patent
13 Nov 1974
TL;DR: In this article, a movable part is mounted on a stationary part; said parts have a pattern of equally wide parallel lines separated by interspaces, and when the parts overlap in use of the instrument, the line patterns form a moire pattern to indicate the angular position of the object.
Abstract: An instrument for indicating or checking the angular position of an object. A movable part is mounted on a stationary part; said parts have a pattern of equally wide parallel lines separated by interspaces. When the parts overlap in use of the instrument the line patterns form a moire pattern to indicate the angular position of the object.

24 citations


Patent
07 Aug 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, a system for measuring a lineal dimension of a light reflective object is described, with the markers traveling along individual, parallel paths which are uniformly spaced-apart along the dimension being measured.
Abstract: A system for measuring a lineal dimension of a light reflective object. Sequentially generated light markers forming a raster are projected toward the object to be measured, with the markers traveling along individual, parallel paths which are uniformly spaced-apart along the dimension being measured. Markers intercepted and reflected back by the object are photoelectrically detected and counted to determine the size of the object along the measured dimension.

Book ChapterDOI
09 Apr 1974
TL;DR: The PLANNER Project is constructing a Programming Apprentice to make it easier for expert programmers to do knowledge based programming.
Abstract: Knowledge Based Programming is programming in an environment which has substantial knowledge of the semantic domain for which the programs are being written and of the purposes that the programs are supposed to satisfy. Actors are a semantic concept in which no active process is ever allowed to treat anything as an object; instead a polite request must be extended to accomplish what the activator desires. Using actors the PLANNER Project is constructing a Programming Apprentice to make it easier for expert programmers to do knowledge based programming. The apprentice is to aid in establishing and maintaining consistency of specifications, validating that modules meet their specifications, answering questions about behavioral dependencies between modules, and analyzing the implications of perturbations in modules and their specifications.

Patent
21 Mar 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, a crack-detecting unit is used for examining a limited portion of an object to determine whether a portion of the object is cracked, and then a control unit automatically causes the crack detector to examine the next portion, thus proceeding from one limited portion to the next along the direction of propagation of the crack.
Abstract: A crack-detecting unit is operative for examining a limited portion of an object to determine whether such portion is cracked. When the crack-detecting unit determines that the portion of the object being examined is cracked, a control unit automatically causes the crack-detecting unit to examine the next portion of the object, thus proceeding from one limited portion of the object to the next, along the direction of propagation of the crack. A recording unit automatically makes a record of the examination by the crack-detecting unit of the successive portions of the object, to thereby make a record of the propagation of the crack.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: Holography is a technique producing a three-dimensional picture of a real physical object through recorded interference pattern between lightComing from an object and light coming from a suitable reference source.
Abstract: Holography is a technique producing a three-dimensional picture of a real physical object. A hologram is a recorded interference pattern between light coming from an object (the object field) and light coming from a suitable reference source (the reference field).

ReportDOI
01 Sep 1974
TL;DR: An experimental system for designing free-form B-spline surfaces using a head-mounted display where the interaction with the surfaces takes place in three dimensions as the designed object's shape is updated in real-time.
Abstract: : This report describes an experimental system for designing free-form B-spline surfaces using a head-mounted display. In this system, the interaction with the surfaces takes place in three dimensions as the designed object's shape is updated in real-time. The report also examines some of the problems that should be solved in building a practical three-dimensional computer-aided geometric design system for surfaces.

Patent
12 Jul 1974
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a method of and apparatus for enabling the visualization of isometric physical condition maps of a three-dimensional test object, the physical condition being for example the amplitude of vibration of the test object or the contour of the object.
Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of and apparatus for enabling the visualization of isometric physical condition maps of a three-dimensional test object, the physical condition being for example the amplitude of vibration of the test object or the contour of the object. The latter is studied by the striation method whereby flat parallel light beams on light on the object forming a system of striations thereon; there is superimposed on the image in a given direction of the illuminated object a corresponding image of a typical comparison object, the resultant superimposed image being a coded representation of the physical condition of the test object. A television camera is used to analyze the successive images of the system of striations formed on the surface of the object. The modulation signal is separated from the synchronizing signals, filtered and demodulated so as to reproduce in real time on a viewing device or control receiver an isometric physical condition map of the object with free from the structure.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The cleft palate condition may be, in some cases, only one manifestation of a broad range of involvements, including visual-perceptual-motor deficits, which may result from the same overall genetic abnormality.
Abstract: The results of recent studies have suggested that the communication disabilities which are generally observed in children with cleft palate may be greater than can be explained on the basis of the anatomical defect alone. While defective articulation and resonance inbalance can be related directly to structural and functional deficiencies, there is evidence of general language deficits in cleft palate subjects (e.g., 8, 9, 13). The areas of deficit includeverbal and gestural output, vocabulary usage, and recognition vocabulary. In addition, many studies (e.g., 4, 5) have found lower IQs for cleft palate children than for noneleft palate children, and lowerIQs for verbal than for nonverbal tasks. The languagedeficits possibly could be explained on the basis of medical, environmental, and social problems related to the palatal condition (10). Lamb, Wilson, and Leeper (6), however, found evidence of visualperceptual-motor involvement for cleft palate children which might be familial in nature. They concluded that the cleft palate condition may be, in some cases, only one manifestation of a broad range of involvements, including visual-perceptual-motor deficits, which may result from the same overall genetic abnormality. Smith and MeWilliams (14) also found evidence of a general visual-motor deficit and they point out the need for further investigation of the perceptual-motor capabilities of cleft palate children. T'wo aspects of visual-perceptual-motor performance which have been investigated recently, although not with cleft palate subjects, are the visual duration threshold and the object-naming latency. The visual duration threshold refers to the duration of stimulus-picture exposure necessary for a subject to detect enough information to identify the pictured object. The object-naming latency (verbal reaction time) refers to the time from the onset of a stimulus-picture to the onset of the spoken naming-response. Thresholds and latencies have been studied by several investigators (2, 7, 11, 12, 16) as a means to a better understanding of the perceptual and coding processes involved in seeing an object and naming

Journal Article
TL;DR: Two principles for digitalrelation are presented, one based on referring photographic densities to object points in an object coordination system and the other based on searching the sterEO model in EPIPOLAR PLANES and can be used in mapping applications.
Abstract: TWO PRINCIPLES FOR DIGITAL CORRELATION ARE: ONE IS BASED ON REFERRING PHOTOGRAPHIC DENSITIES TO OBJECT POINTS IN AN OBJECT COORDINATE SYSTEM AND CAN BE USED IN CHANGE DETECTION IN THE OBJECT; THE OTHER IS BASED ON SCANNING THE STEREO MODEL IN EPIPOLAR PLANES AND CAN BE USED IN MAPPING APPLICATIONS. THE PRINCIPLES SIMPLIFY THE PROBLEM OF CORRELATION. A PROTOTYPE INCORPORATES THE PRINCIPLES.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A picture-description task was used to study the comparative effectiveness of communication between deaf subjects using American Sign Language, and hearing subjects using spoken English, and found the frequency of errors did not differ significantly between signing and speaking subjects.
Abstract: A picture-description task was used to study the comparative effectiveness of communication between deaf subjects using American Sign Language, and hearing subjects using spoken English: 16 deaf, native users of American Sign Language and 16 hearing, native users of English. All subjects were university undergraduate students. Within the two groups, paired subjects alternately described pictures to each other. Pictures illustrated three different characters assuming in turn the roles of agent, object, and indirect object. Following a description by Subject1, Subject2 selected the picture he or she thought Subject1 had described, from a set of 6 pictures containing the described picture. The frequency of errors did not differ significantly between signing and speaking subjects.

Dissertation
01 Jan 1974

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1974
TL;DR: The use of an electromechanical hand design is discussed which may operate in conjunction with industrial robots, part feeders, and minicomputers to perform some of these jobs.
Abstract: Semiautomated tasks frequently require humans to perform highly repetitive boring jobs such as placing objects into machine fixtures. The use of an electromechanical hand design is discussed which may operate in conjunction with industrial robots, part feeders, and minicomputers to perform some of these jobs. Flexibility is achieved with the same hardware by using different control algorithms for differently shaped objects. The design principle which permits simplicity is that the motion which is used to adjust object orientation is also instrumental in the detection of orientation. A ``hand'' was built and a control algorithm to orient a specific object was developed. The control algorithm first recognizes orientation by computing asymmetries and then conditionally adjusts a positional servomechanism in the hand to bring the object to a standard orientation. Tests verified hand performance and indicated restrictions on object shape. Regardless of the initial angle (360° range) about the uncontrolled axis, the computer-controlled hand adjusted this angle to within ±3°. For the prototype, object shape is primarily restricted by the requirement that objects must have their principal axes directed to within ±10° by conventional part feeders and sorters.


Patent
18 Dec 1974
TL;DR: In this article, a device for positioning an object to be printed in a printing machine is adapted to guide projected printing pins into holes formed in the object and prevent said object from lifting off of the surface plate while said positioning pins are being inserted into said holes.
Abstract: This device for positioning an object to be printed in a printing machine is adapted to guide projected printing pins into holes formed in the object to be printed during printing and to prevent said object from lifting off of the surface plate while said positioning pins are being inserted into said holes.

Patent
19 Jul 1974
TL;DR: In this article, each of the parameters of objects in the field of view is measured and inidually compared with standard parameters. Differences in these parameters are multiplied by individual weighting factors and they are summed for each object.
Abstract: Each of the parameters of objects in the field of view is measured and inidually compared with standard parameters. Differences in these parameters are multiplied by individual weighting factors and they are summed for each object. Object having the lowest sum is the desired target.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1974-Nature


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the memory management functions and the general linkage problem with a focus on naming function, memory function, and content function.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the memory management functions and the general linkage problem. Memory management may be thought of as three functions, which include naming function, memory function, and content function. A given name may refer to different objects, depending on the context in which it is used. The problem of matching names with their corresponding objects is pervasive in software systems. In block structured programming languages, a given name can refer to several different variables, depending on the block in which it is used. In operating systems the context with which one is generally concerned is that of the user program. Several users may have the same names for different files or procedures. It is the job of the operating system to associate the correct object with every name within each user context. Each separately compiled procedure or data structure, called an object module, is coded relative to address zero. Modules cooperate, so that one module can call a procedure or can access data in another module.

Patent
11 Nov 1974
TL;DR: An apparatus for the simultaneous placement of a plurality of objects on a substantially horizontal surface is described in this article, which consists of a platform to position the objects, release mechanisms to releasably attach the objects to the platform and a system for simultaneous release of the objects.
Abstract: An apparatus for the simultaneous placement of a plurality of objects on a substantially horizontal surface is disclosed, said apparatus comprising a platform to position the objects, release mechanisms to releasably attach the objects to the platform and a system for simultaneous release of the objects.

F. H. Martin1
01 Sep 1974
TL;DR: HAL/S is a higher order language and system, now operational, adopted by NASA for programming Space Shuttle on-board software, which includes output orientation, automatic checking, the availability of linear algebra, real-time control, a statement-level simulator, and compiler transferability.
Abstract: HAL/S is a higher order language and system, now operational, adopted by NASA for programming Space Shuttle on-board software. Program reliability is enhanced through language clarity and readability, modularity through program structure, and protection of code and data. Salient features of HAL/S include output orientation, automatic checking (with strictly enforced compiler rules), the availability of linear algebra, real-time control, a statement-level simulator, and compiler transferability (for applying HAL/S to additional object and host computers). The compiler is described briefly.