Abstract: Part 1 Towards a new approach to national systems of innovation: institutional learning, Bjorn Johnson user-producer relationships and national systems of innovation, Bengt-Ake Lundvall approaching national systems of innovation from the production and linkage structure, Esben Sloth Andersen. Part 2 A closer look at national systems of innovation: work organization and the innovation design dilemma, Allan Naes Gjerding innovation and the development of industrial networks, Lars Gelsing the public sector as a pacer in national systems of innovation, Birgitte Gregersen the role of finance in national systems of innovation, Jesper Lindgaard Christensen national systems of education and vocational training, Jarl Bengtsson formal scientific and technical institutions in the national system of innovation, Christopher Freeman. Part 3 Opening national systems of innovation - specialization, multinational corporations and integration: export specialization, structural competitiveness and national systems of innovation, Bent Dalum the home market hypothesis re-examined - the impact of domestic user-producer interaction on export specialization, Jan Fragerberg national systems of innovation, multinational enterprises and the contemporary process of globalization, Francois Chesnais integration, innovation and policy with special respect to EC and IT, Esben Sloth-Andersen and Asger Braendgaard perspectives and policy conclusions, Bengt-Ake Lundvall et al.