Showing papers on "Oral hygiene published in 1970"

The effect of mouthrinses and topical application of chlorhexidine on the development of dental plaque and gingivitis in man.

Abstract: Twenty-four male dental students with healthy gingivae and clean teeth ceased all oral hygiene procedures. (A) Four subjects rinsed, twice daily, with a 0.2 per cent solution of chlorhexidine gluconate; (B) eight students rinsed, once daily, with the same solution; (C) six students did not rinse and formed the control group and (D) six students received one daily application of a 2 per cent solution of chlorhexidine gluconate. The study confirmed previous observations (Loe and Rindom Schiott 1969, 1970) that two daily mouth rinses with a 0.2 per cent solution of chlorhexidine effectively prevent plaque formation. One daily rinse did not inhibit plaque formation in all areas of the dentition. One daily topical application of a 2 per cent solution of chlorhexidine gluconate prevented plaque formation completely. Upon discontinuation of the chlorhexidine treatment plaque formed at normal rates, suggesting that there is no appreciable effect beyond a 24 hour period. It is concluded that complete inhibition of plaque and prevention of gingivitis may be achieved by daily application of chlorhexidine, provided the agent is administered in such a way that it reaches all tooth surfaces.

Experimental Caries in Man

Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to develop a method for short-term caries trials in man, using an experimental model already employed in periodontal research. Twelve students were given prophylaxis and instruction to practice meticulous oral hygiene until Plaque Index and Gingival Index approached zero. The carious state of the bucco-gingival enamel areas, excluding molars, was evaluated using a dissection microscope. The cleaned and dried tooth surfaces were scored according to the Caries Index system. During a period of 23 days without oral hygiene 6 participants performed 9 daily mouthrinses with 10 ml of a 50% sucrose solution. At the termination of this period the sucrose group demonstrated a higher mean Caries Index and a greater number of new early lesions than the six control subjects. The mean Plaque Index scores were higher in the sucrose group, whereas the Gingival Index scores were similar for both groups. Smears of plaque showed no significant differences in the percentage distribution of various types of microorganisms. After 30 days of oral hygiene and daily mouthrinses with 0.2 % NaF, fair agreement was found between the Caries Index scores of the two groups. Similar observations were made after a second hygiene and fluoride period. The results demonstrate that it is possible to produce detectable carious alterations within 23 days by abolishment of oral hygiene and frequent sucrose additions and that these alterations are reversible.

Periodontal conditions in patients treated with dental bridges.

Abstract: The investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect on the periodontal conditions of fixed unilateral bridges which had been in the mouth 1 to 3 years. Seventy-three bridges in 73 patients (50 women, 23 men) were examined. One group of 35 individuals had been instructed in methods for improving their oral hygiene, whereas another group (38 individuals) had not. In all, 146 abutment teeth were examined. An equal number of homologus teeth in the same patients served as controls. The gingival state and oral hygiene were recorded according to index systems proposed by Loe and Silness (1963) and Silness and Loe (1964). Pocket depth measurements were made as explained by Glavind and Loe (1967). The location of the crown margins of the bridge retainers was recorded according to a Margin Index System proposed by the author. The distribution of soft deposits and the location of gingivitis were similar around the abutment teeth and the homologous teeth. The average pocket depth of the abutment teeth was not deeper than that of the controls. In areas with crown margins below the gingival crest, more severe gingivitis was registered than in the control areas. The periodontal conditions were better in the individuals who had been instructed to practice oral hygiene measures as compared to the non-instructed individuals. Possible reasons why soft deposits remain undetected on clinical examination of subgingival restorations are discussed. It is suggested that the gingival inflammation around the abutment teeth and the homologous teeth is caused by the usual bacterial mechanisms.

The effect of topical application of chlorhexidine on the bacterial colonization of the teeth and gingiva.

Abstract: Six dental students participated in two experiments throughout which they ceased all active oral hygiene measures. In the first experiment a 2 per cent solution of chlorhexidine and in the second a placebo solution was applied topically each day to all teeth. Throughout both 15 day experiments the bacterial colonization of the attached gingiva, gingival margin and tooth surface was examined using impression preparations and a microcolony technique. Bacterial colonization of the tooth surface occurred rapidly using the placebo and a bacterial plaque accumulated at the gingival margin as described in previous no-oral-hygiene experiments. No bacterial colonization of the tooth surface was observed throughout the chlorhexidine experiment. The bacterial flora of the attached gingiva remained unaltered, but at the gingival margin an increase in the numbers of gram negative cocci and rods occurred between days 5 and 10. A tendency was noted for this flora to revert back to gram positive by the end of the experiment. It is concluded that the inhibition of plaque formation by chlorhexidine is primarily a result of its ability to interact with the organic or inorganic components of the tooth surface.

Correlation of Some Oral Hygiene Variables with Age, Sex, and Incidence of Oral Protozoa:

Abstract: The oral protozoa Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax have held a rather uncertain position in the history of research. Barrett' and Smith and Barrett2 reported observing Endamoeba gingivalis in nearly all patients with pyorrhea alveolaris who were examined. Bass and Johns3 reported finding E gingivalis in 86 patients with pyorrhea and noted the absence of this organism in many normal individuals. They suggested that this protozoan might be pathogenic, on the basis of the evidence that emetine hydrochloride, a therapeutic drug used against parasitic amoebas, seemed to give beneficial results. Further work by Kofoid4 revealed E gingivalis in 75% or more of people over 40 years of age. It was shown, in this study that this organism was also prevalent in healthy mouths. Bateman5 discovered Trichomonas tenax (then called Trichomonas buccalis) in 26.5% of diseased mouths and 11.4% of normal mouths and concluded that diseased mouths offer a more habitable region for this organism than clean, healthy mouths but still doubted its pathogenicity. He also pronounced culture methods superior to the wet-smear method in detecting this organism. In 1958, an extensive study of conditions of oral hygiene, including the incidence of these two oral protozoa, was begun under

The effectiveness of two educational programs in changing the performance of oral hygiene by elementary school children.

Abstract: Doctor Podshadley and Miss Schweikle have to conclude: “Sorry folks, but your single annual lecture and demonstration of toothbrushing for children in the third and fourth grades is not effective in changing their performance, regardless of their choice of two technics.”

The Effect of an Oral Irrigating Device on the Oral Hygiene of Orthodontic Patients

Abstract: Tests were made to determine the effectiveness of an oral irrigating device in preventing an increase of microbial flora in patients wearing orthodontic appliances. Results indicate that toothbrushing and use of the oral irrigation device were 80% more effective than toothbrushing and rinsing in reducing the total aerobic flora and 60% more effective in reducing the lactobacillus count in orthodontic patients.

Statistical Handling of Oral Hygiene Ratings

Abstract: Oral hygiene campaigns cost much in time and money, but even so there have been relatively few attempts to assess their efficiency. Those that have been assessed have often shown a poor return on the effort put into them, although some investigators have reported significant improvements (J. W. WILLIFORD, J. C. MUHLER, and G. K. STOOKEY, JADA 75:896902, 1967). One of the problems of assessing any improvement in oral hygiene during a dentifrice trial or a dental hygiene campaign is the difficulty of handling the findings in a meaningful statistical way. If indexes such as the simplified oral hygiene index or the periodontal index are used, parametric methods such as the t test are not really adequate because of the way in which the indexes are constructed. To avoid this difficulty it may be better to use simpler methods, whereby it is merely recorded that there was either an improvement in a child's oral hygiene status, whether it remained the same or got worse. If the original ratings were in the form of good, fair, and poor the final results could then be expressed as improved

The Effects of Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarine Patrols on Oral Health

Abstract: : Maintenance of optimum oral health for Fleet Ballistic Missile submarine personnel is a continuing effort. Information is required concerning oral health status and patrol effects on this status. Ninety-one crew members of the USS JOHN MARSHALL (SSBN 611 (Gold)) were evaluated predeployment, during the first week of patrol, and during the seventh week of patrol for gingivitis (gum diseases) and personal oral hygiene habits. No detrimental patrol effects were observed. A close relationship was noted between gingival (gum) health and good hygiene practices. It is concluded that efforts to improve hygiene practices of submariners should be continued and strengthened.