Organic electronics

Abstract: Volume 1: Conjugated Polymers: Theory, Synthesis, Properties, and Characterization PART 1: THEORY OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS On the Transport, Optical, and Self-Assembly Properties of -Conjugated Materials: A Combined Theoretical/Experimental Insight D. Beljonne, J. Cornil, V. Coropceanu, D.A. da Silva Filho, V. Geskin, R. Lazzaroni, P. Leclere, and J.-L. Bredas Theoretical Studies of Electron-Lattice Dynamics in Organic Systems S. Stafstroem PART 2: SYNTHESIS AND CLASSES OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS Helical Polyacetylene Synthesized in Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals K. Akagi Synthesis and Properties of Poly(arylene vinylene)s A.C. Grimsdale and A.B. Holmes Blue-Emitting Poly(para-Phenylene)-Type Polymers E.J.W. List and U. Scherf Poly(paraPhenyleneethynylene)s and Poly(aryleneethynylene)s: Materials with a Bright Future U.H.F. Bunz Polyaniline Nanofibers: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications J. Huang and R.B. Kaner Recent Advances in Polypyrrole S.H. Cho, K.T. Song, and J.Y. Lee Regioregular Polythiophenes M. Jeffries-El and R.D. McCullough Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)-Scientific Importance, Remarkable Properties, and Applications S. Kirchmeyer, K. Reuter, and J.C. Simpson Thienothiophenes: From Monomers to Polymers G.A. Sotzing, V. Seshadri, and F.J. Waller Low Bandgap Conducting Polymers S.C. Rasmussen and M. Pomerantz Advanced Functional Polythiophenes Based on Tailored Precursors P. Blanchard, P. Leriche, P. Frere, and J. Roncali Structure-Property Relationships and Applications of Conjugated Polyelectrolytes K.S. Schanze and X. Zhao PART 3: PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS Insulator-Metal Transition and Metallic State in Conducting Polymers A.J. Epstein One-Dimensional Charge Transport in Conducting Polymer Nanofibers A.N. Aleshin and Y.W. Park Structure Studies of - and - Conjugated Polymers M.J. Winokur Electrochemistry of Conducting Polymers P. Audebert and F. Miomandre Internal Fields and Electrode Interfaces in Organic Semiconductor Devices: Noninvasive Investigations via Electroabsorption T.M. Brown and F. Cacialli Electrochromism of Conjugated Conducting Polymers A.L. Dyer and J.R. Reynolds Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Conjugated Polymers M.P. de Jong, G. Greczyniski, W. Osikowicz, R. Friedlein, X. Crispin, M. Fahlman, and W.R. Salaneck Ultrafast Exciton Dynamics and Laser Action in -ConjugatedSemiconductors Z. Valy Vardeny and O. Korovyanko Volume 2: Conjugated Polymers: Processing and Applications PART 1: PROCESSING OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS Conductive Polymers as Organic Nanometals B. Wessling Conducting Polymer Fiber Production and Applications I.D. Norris and B.R. Mattes Inkjet Printing and Patterning of PEDOT-PSS: Application to Optoelectronic Devices Y. Yoshioka and G.E. Jabbour Printing Organic Electronics on Flexible Substrates N.D. Robinson and M. Berggren PART 2: APPLICATIONS AND DEVICES BASED ON CONJUGATED POLYMERS Polymers for Use in Polymeric Light-Emitting Diodes: Structure-Property Relationships H. Christian-Pandya, S. Vaidyanathan, and M. Galvin Organic Electro-Optic Materials L.R. Dalton Conjugated Polymer Electronics-Engineering Materials and Devices N. Tessler, J. Veres, O. Globerman, N. Rappaport, Y. Preezant, Y. Roichman, O. Solomesch, S. Tal, E. Gershman, M. Adler, V. Zolotarev, V. Gorelik, and Y. Eichen Electrical Bistable Polymer Films and Their Applications in Memory Devices J. Ouyang, C.-W. Chu, R.J. Tseng, A. Prakash, and Y. Yang Electroactive Polymers for Batteries and Supercapacitors J.A. Irvin, D.J. Irvin, and J.D. Stenger-Smith Conjugated Polymer-Based Photovoltaic Devices A.J. Mozer and N.S. Sariciftci Biomedical Applications of Inherently Conducting Polymers (ICPs),P.C. Innis, S.E. Moulton, and G.G. Wallace Biosensors Based on Conducting Electroactive Polymers S. Brahim, A.M. Wilson, and A. Guiseppi-Elie Optical Biosensors Based on Conjugated Polymers K. Peter, R. Nilsson, and O. Inganas Conjugated Polymers for Microelectromechanical and Other Microdevices G.M. Spinks and E. Smela Corrosion Protection Using Conducting Polymers D.E. Tallman and G.P. Bierwagen Artificial Muscles T.F. Otero

Abstract: Since the discovery of highly conducting polyacetylene by Shirakawa, MacDiarmid, and Heeger in 1977, π-conjugated systems have attracted much attention as futuristic materials for the development and production of the next generation of electronics, that is, organic electronics. Conceptually, organic electronics are quite different from conventional inorganic solid state electronics because the structural versatility of organic semiconductors allows for the incorporation of functionality by molecular design. This versatility leads to a new era in the design of electronic devices. To date, the great number of π-conjugated semiconducting materials that have either been discovered or synthesized generate an exciting library of π-conjugated systems for use in organic electronics. 11 However, some key challenges for further advancement remain: the low mobility and stability of organic semiconductors, the lack of knowledge regarding structure property relationships for understanding the fundamental chemical aspects behind the structural design, and realization of desired properties. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are a kind of device consisting of an organic semiconducting layer, a gate insulator layer, and three terminals (drain, source, and gate electrodes). OFETs are not only essential building blocks for the next generation of cheap and flexible organic circuits, but they also provide an important insight into the charge transport of πconjugated systems. Therefore, they act as strong tools for the exploration of the structure property relationships of πconjugated systems, such as parameters of field-effect mobility (μ, the drift velocity of carriers under unit electric field), current on/off ratio (the ratio of the maximum on-state current to the minimum off-state current), and threshold voltage (the minimum gate voltage that is required to turn on the transistor). 17 Since the discovery of OFETs in the 1980s, they have attracted much attention. Research onOFETs includes the discovery, design, and synthesis of π-conjugated systems for OFETs, device optimization, development of applications in radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, flexible displays, electronic papers, sensors, and so forth. It is beyond the scope of this review to cover all aspects of π-conjugated systems; hence, our focus will be on the performance analysis of π-conjugated systems in OFETs. This should make it possible to extract information regarding the fundamental merit of semiconducting π-conjugated materials and capture what is needed for newmaterials and what is the synthesis orientation of newπ-conjugated systems. In fact, for a new science with many practical applications, the field of organic electronics is progressing extremely rapidly. For example, using “organic field effect transistor” or “organic field effect transistors” as the query keywords to search the Web of Science citation database, it is possible to show the distribution of papers over recent years as shown in Figure 1A. It is very clear

Abstract: The optoelectronic properties of polymeric semiconductor materials can be utilized for the fabrication of organic electronic and photonic devices. When key structural requirements are met, these materials exhibit unique properties such as solution processability, large charge transporting capabilities, and/or broad optical absorption. In this review recent developments in the area of π-conjugated polymeric semiconductors for organic thin-film (or field-effect) transistors (OTFTs or OFETs) and bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic (or solar) cell (BHJ-OPV or OSC) applications are summarized and analyzed.

Abstract: Organic semiconductors that can be fabricated by simple processing techniques and possess excellent electrical performance, are key requirements in the progress of organic electronics. Both high semiconductor charge-carrier mobility, optimized through understanding and control of the semiconductor microstructure, and stability of the semiconductor to ambient electrochemical oxidative processes are required. We report on new semiconducting liquid-crystalline thieno[3,2-b ]thiophene polymers, the enhancement in charge-carrier mobility achieved through highly organized morphology from processing in the mesophase, and the effects of exposure to both ambient and low-humidity air on the performance of transistor devices. Relatively large crystalline domain sizes on the length scale of lithographically accessible channel lengths (∼200 nm) were exhibited in thin films, thus offering the potential for fabrication of single-crystal polymer transistors. Good transistor stability under static storage and operation in a low-humidity air environment was demonstrated, with charge-carrier field-effect mobilities of 0.2–0.6 cm2 V−1 s−1 achieved under nitrogen.

Abstract: Electronic devices have advanced from their heavy, bulky origins to become smart, mobile appliances. Nevertheless, they remain rigid, which precludes their intimate integration into everyday life. Flexible, textile and stretchable electronics are emerging research areas and may yield mainstream technologies. Rollable and unbreakable backplanes with amorphous silicon field-effect transistors on steel substrates only 3 μm thick have been demonstrated. On polymer substrates, bending radii of 0.1 mm have been achieved in flexible electronic devices. Concurrently, the need for compliant electronics that can not only be flexed but also conform to three-dimensional shapes has emerged. Approaches include the transfer of ultrathin polyimide layers encapsulating silicon CMOS circuits onto pre-stretched elastomers, the use of conductive elastomers integrated with organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) on polyimide islands, and fabrication of OFETs and gold interconnects on elastic substrates to realize pressure, temperature and optical sensors. Here we present a platform that makes electronics both virtually unbreakable and imperceptible. Fabricated directly on ultrathin (1 μm) polymer foils, our electronic circuits are light (3 g m(-2)) and ultraflexible and conform to their ambient, dynamic environment. Organic transistors with an ultra-dense oxide gate dielectric a few nanometres thick formed at room temperature enable sophisticated large-area electronic foils with unprecedented mechanical and environmental stability: they withstand repeated bending to radii of 5 μm and less, can be crumpled like paper, accommodate stretching up to 230% on prestrained elastomers, and can be operated at high temperatures and in aqueous environments. Because manufacturing costs of organic electronics are potentially low, imperceptible electronic foils may be as common in the future as plastic wrap is today. Applications include matrix-addressed tactile sensor foils for health care and monitoring, thin-film heaters, temperature and infrared sensors, displays, and organic solar cells.