Topic
Organic farming
About: Organic farming is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 7254 publications have been published within this topic receiving 138030 citations. The topic is also known as: pertanian organik & organic farming.
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TL;DR: It is predicted that if food waste and meat consumption are reduced, organic agriculture could feed the world without requiring cropland expansion, and none of the corresponding strategies needs full implementation and their combined partial implementation delivers a more sustainable food future.
Abstract: Organic agriculture is proposed as a promising approach to achieving sustainable food systems, but its feasibility is also contested. We use a food systems model that addresses agronomic characteristics of organic agriculture to analyze the role that organic agriculture could play in sustainable food systems. Here we show that a 100% conversion to organic agriculture needs more land than conventional agriculture but reduces N-surplus and pesticide use. However, in combination with reductions of food wastage and food-competing feed from arable land, with correspondingly reduced production and consumption of animal products, land use under organic agriculture remains below the reference scenario. Other indicators such as greenhouse gas emissions also improve, but adequate nitrogen supply is challenging. Besides focusing on production, sustainable food systems need to address waste, crop–grass–livestock interdependencies and human consumption. None of the corresponding strategies needs full implementation and their combined partial implementation delivers a more sustainable food future.
410 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a list of the names of VEGETABLES in the U.S. and the world in terms of the number of vegelables produced.
Abstract: PREFACE. PART 1: VEGETABLES AND THE VEGETABLE INDUSTRY. 01 BOTANICAL NAMES OF VEGETABLES NAMES OF VEGETABLES IN NINE LANGUAGES. 02 EDIBLE FLOWERS. 03 U.S. VEGETABLE PRODUCTION. 04 CONSUMPTION OF VEGETABLES IN THE U.S. 05 WORLD VEGETABLE PRODUCTION. 06 NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF VEGETABLES. PART 2: PLANT GROWING AND GREENHOUSE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION. TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION. 01 PLANT GROWING CONTAINERS. 02 SEEDS AND SEEDING. 03 TEMPERATURE AND TIME REQUIREMENTS. 04 PLANT GROWING MIXES. 05 SOIL STERILIZATION. 06 FERTILIZING AND IRRIGATING TRANSPLANTS. 07 PLANT GROWING PROBLEMS. 08 CONDITIONING TRANSPLANTS. 09 ADDITIONAL TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION WEBSITES AND REFERENCES GREENHOUSE CROP PRODUCTION. 10 CULTURAL MANAGEMENT. 11 CARBON DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT. 12 SOILLESS CULTURE. 13 NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS. 14 TISSUE COMPOSITION. 15 ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON GREENHOUSE VEGETABLES. PART 3: FIELD PLANTING. 01 TEMPERATURES FOR VEGETABLES. 02 SCHEDULING SUCCESSIVE PLANTINGS. 03 TIME REQUIRED FOR SEEDLING EMERGENCE. 04 SEED REQUIREMENTS. 05 PLANTING RATES FOR LARGE SEEDS. 06 SPACING OF VEGETABLES. 07 PRECISION SEEDING. 08 SEED PRIMING. 09 VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION. 10 POLYETHYLENE MULCHES. 11 ROW COVERS. 12 WINDBREAKS. 13 ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON PLASTICULTURE. PART 4: SOILS AND FERTILIZERS. 01 NUTRIENT BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES. 02 ORGANIC MATTER. 03 SOIL-IMPROVING CROPS. 04 MANURES. 05 SOIL TEXTURE. 06 SOIL REACTION. 07 SALINITY. 08 FERTILIZERS. 09 FERTILIZER CONVERSION FACTORS. 10 NUTRIENT ABSORPTION. 11 PLANT ANALYSIS. 12 SOIL TESTS. 13 NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES. 14 MICRONUTRIENTS. 15 FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTORS. PART 5: WATER AND IRRIGATION. 01 SUGGESTIONS ON SUPPLYING WATER TO VEGETABLES. 02 ROOTING OF VEGETABLES. 03 SOIL MOISTURE. 04 SURFACE IRRIGATION. 05 OVERHEAD IRRIGATION. 06 DRIP OR TRICKLE IRRIGATION. 07 WATER QUALITY. PART 6: VEGETABLE PESTS AND PROBLEMS. 01 AIR POLLUTION. 02 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT. 03 SOIL SOLARIZATION. 04 PESTICIDE USE PRECAUTIONS. 05 PESTICIDE APPLICATION AND EQUIPMENT. 06 VEGETABLE SEED TREATMENT. 07 NEMATODES. 08 DISEASES. 09 INSECTS. 10 PEST MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC PRODUCTION SYSTEMS. 11 WILDLIFE CONTROL. PART 7: WEED MANAGEMENT. 01 WEED MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES. 02 WEED IDENTIFICATION. 03 NOXIOUS WEEDS. 04 WEED CONTROL IN ORGANIC FARMING. 05 COVER CROPS AND ROTATION IN WEED MANAGEMENT. 06 HERBICIDES. 07 WEED CONTROL RECOMMENDATIONS. PART 8: HARVESTING, HANDLING, AND STORAGE. 01 FOOD SAFETY. 02 GENERAL POSTHARVEST HANDLING PROCEDURES. 03 PREDICTING HARVEST DATES AND YIELDS. 04 COOLING VEGETABLES. 05 VEGETABLE STORAGE. 06 CHILLING AND ETHYLENE INJURY. 07 POSTHARVEST DISEASES. 08 VEGETABLE QUALITY. 09 U.S. STANDARDS FOR VEGETABLES. 10 MINIMALLY PROCESSED VEGETABLES. 11 CONTAINERS FOR VEGETABLES. 12 VEGETABLE MARKETING. PART 9: VEGETABLE SEEDS. 01 SEED LABELS. 02 SEED GERMINATION TESTS. 03 SEED GERMINATION STANDARDS. 04 SEED PRODUCTION. 05 SEED YIELDS. 06 SEED STORAGE. 07 VEGETABLE VARIETIES. 08 VEGETABLE SEED SOURCES. PART 10: APPENDIX. 01 SOURCES OF VEGETABLE INFORMATION. 02 PERIODICALS FOR VEGETABLE GROWERS. 03 U.S. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT. 04 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR U.S. UNITS. 05 METRIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT. 06 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR SI AND NON SI UNITS. 07 CONVERSIONS FOR RATES OF APPLICATION. 08 WATER AND SOIL SOLUTION CONVERSION FACTORS. 09 HEAT AND ENERGY EQUIVALENTS AND DEFINITIONS. INDEX.
405 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the relative importance of organic vs. conventional farming and landscape complexity for weed species diversity was examined in 24 winter wheat fields, where the authors assessed the ruderal vegetation, seed bank and seed rain in 24 wheat fields.
Abstract: Summary
1
There is growing concern about declining species diversity in agro-ecosystems caused by agricultural intensification at the field and landscape scales. Species diversity of arable weeds is classically related to local abiotic factors and resource conditions. It is believed to be enhanced by organic farming but the surrounding landscape may also be important.
2
This study assessed the ruderal vegetation, seed bank and seed rain in 24 winter wheat fields to examine the relative importance of organic vs. conventional farming and landscape complexity for weed species diversity. Diversity was partitioned into its additive components: alpha, beta and gamma diversity. Percentage arable land in a circular landscape sector of 1-km radius around each study site was used as an indicator of landscape complexity.
3
Weed species diversity in the vegetation, seed rain and seed bank was higher in organic than in conventional fields. Increasing landscape complexity enhanced species diversity more strongly in the vegetation of conventional than organic fields, to the extent that diversity was similar in both farming systems when the landscape was complex. Species diversity of the seed bank was increased by landscape complexity irrespective of farming system.
4
Overall diversity was largely determined by the high heterogeneity between and within the fields (beta diversity). Only in very few cases could higher weed species diversity in complex landscapes and/or organic farming be related to species dependence on landscape or farming system.
5
Synthesis and applications. Local weed species diversity was influenced by both landscape complexity and farming system. Species diversity under organic farming systems was clearly higher in simple landscapes. Conventional vegetation reached similar diversity levels when the surrounding landscape was complex through the presence of refugia for weed populations. Consequently, agri-environment schemes designed to preserve and enhance biodiversity should not only consider the management of single fields but also of the surrounding landscape.
397 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the revenue effects of certified organic contract farming for smallholders and of adoption of organic agricultural farming methods in a tropical African context, and found that there are positive revenue effects both from participation in the scheme and, more modestly, from applying organic farming techniques.
389 citations
TL;DR: The need for increased sustainability of performance in cereal varieties, particularly in organic agriculture (OA), is limited by the lack of varieties adapted to organic conditions, and the needs for breeding are reviewed in the context of three major marketing types, global, regional, local, in European OA.
Abstract: The need for increased sustainability of performance in cereal varieties, particularly in organic agriculture (OA), is limited by the lack of varieties adapted to organic conditions. Here, the needs for breeding are reviewed in the context of three major marketing types, global, regional, local, in European OA. Currently, the effort is determined, partly, by the outcomes from trials that compare varieties under OA and CA (conventional agriculture) conditions. The differences are sufficiently large and important to warrant an increase in appropriate breeding. The wide range of environments within OA and between years, underlines the need to try to select for specific adaptation in target environments. The difficulty of doing so can be helped by decentralised breeding with farmer participation and the use of crops buffered by variety mixtures or populations. Varieties for OA need efficient nutrient uptake and use and weed competition. These and other characters need to be considered in relation to the OA cropping system over the whole rotation. Positive interactions are needed, such as early crop vigour for nutrient uptake, weed competition and disease resistance. Incorporation of all characteristics into the crop can be helped by diversification within the crop, allowing complementation and compensation among plants. Although the problems of breeding cereals for organic farming systems are large, there is encouraging progress. This lies in applications of ecology to organic crop production, innovations in plant sciences, and the realisation that such progress is central to both OA and CA, because of climate change and the increasing costs of fossil fuels.
377 citations