Showing papers on "Orientation column published in 1980"
TL;DR: Detailed retinotopic maps of primary visual cortex and the extrastriate visual regions surrounding it have been constructed for the C57BL/6J mouse using standard electrophysiological mapping techniques.
Abstract: Detailed retinotopic maps of primary visual cortex (area 17) and the extrastriate visual regions surrounding it (areas 18a and 18b) have been constructed for the C57BL/6J mouse using standard electrophysiological mapping techniques.
Primary visual cortex (area 17), as defined cytoarchitectonically, contains one complete representation of the contralateral visual field, termed V1, in which azimuth and elevation lines are approximately orthogonal. The upper visual field is represented caudally and the nasal field laterally. Binocular cells are encountered in the cortical representation of the nasal 30–40° of the visual field, and there is an expanded representation of the nasal field.
Extrastriate visual cortex of the mouse, like that of other mammals, contains multiple representations of the visual field. The cytoarchitectonic region of cortex lateral and rostral to area 17, termed area 18a, contains at least two such representations. The more medial of these, which by convention we have called V2, is a narrow strip surrounding V1 on its lateral and rostral aspects; the vertical meridian lies along a portion of its common border with V1. The visual field representation in V2 is not a mirror image of that in V1; the representation of the horizontal meridian forms the lateral border of V2, and the visual field representation is split so that adjacent points on either side of the horizontal meridan are represented in nonadjacent parts of V2. The other visual field representation within area 18a, which we have termed V3, is a small but apparently complete representation that lies lateral to V2. The visual field representations medial to area 17 correspond to cytoarchitectonic area 18b. Area 18b contains two representations of the temporal visual field that we have labeled Vm-r and Vm-c, and contains little or no representation of the most nasal aspect of the field.
266 citations
TL;DR: The inferior temporal cortex of 6 macaques was injected with horseradish peroxidase and HRP-labeled cells were found throughout IT cortex itself and in the regions of posterior prestriate cortex that receive direct projections from striate cortex.
179 citations
TL;DR: Neurons with large field, non‐oriented (LFNO) cells constitute a class that is functionally distinct, with cell bodies that are located in a single layer of area 17 in the mouse, and evidence that some LFNO cells project to the superior colliculus was provided by preliminary experiments.
Abstract: We studied the receptive field properties of single neurons in the primary visual cortex (area 17) of the mouse and the distribution of receptive field types among the cortical laminae. Three basic receptive field types were found: 1) Cells with oriented receptive fields, many of which could be classified as simple or complex, were found in all layers of the cortex, but occurred with greater frequency in layers I1 and I11 and less commonly in Layer IV. 2) Cells with non-oriented receptive fields had ON, OFF, or ON-OFF centers; they were found in all layers but were predominant in layer IV. Two subclasses of non- oriented receptive fields were characterized based on their responses to stationary and moving stimuli. One group of cells with non-oriented receptive fields responded vigorously with sustained firing to stationary flashing stimuli, and also responded well to moving stimuli over a wide range of stimulus velocities. A second group of non-oriented cells, termed motion-selective, responded poorly or not at all to stationary stimuli and responded optimally to moving stimuli over a restricted range of velocities. 3) A distinct group of neurons, termed large field, non-oriented (LFNO) cells, were found almost exclusively in layer V. LFNO cells had receptive fields that were larger than those of the other two major classes at all visual-field locations; they also had higher rates of spontaneous activity and responded to higher stimulus velocities than the other classes. In these respects, LFNO cells resembled the layer V cells of area 17 in the cat and the layer V and VI cells of area 17 in the monkey that project to the superior colliculus. We injected horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus, and determined that corticotectal cells in the mouse were also located in layer V, the layer where we recorded LFNO cells. Additional evidence that some LFNO cells project to the superior colliculus was provided by preliminary experiments in which we stimulated the superior colliculus and antidromically activated cortical cells with LFNO receptive fields. Neurons with LFNO receptive fields thus constitute a class that is functionally distinct, with cell bodies that are located in a single layer (V) of area 17 in the mouse. The aggregation of neuronal cell bodies and their processes into laminae is one of the most striking of the morphological features that characterize cerebral cortex. Laminae in a given cortical region differ from one another in the size, shape, number, and packing den- sity of the neurons they contain, and regions of cortex may be differentiated from one an- other in part on the basis of variations in these features from one area to the next (Brod- mann, '03; Campbell, '03; Vogt, '03). In recent years, a number of approaches have been used in the study of the visual cortex to provide evidence for the proposition that cortical lam- ination has functional significance. Anatomi- cal studies in cat and monkey have convinc- ingly demonstrated that afferents to visual
137 citations
117 citations
101 citations
TL;DR: Based on receptive field properties six major classes of striate neuron were identified—three which lacked orientation specificity (the ON‐center, the OFF‐ center, and the ON/OFF or nonoriented (N‐0) receptive fields) and three with orientation specific responses (the S, the C and the B categories of receptive field).
Abstract: From the extracellular recording of single units in the monkey striate cortex and electrical stimulation at two selected sites in the optic radiations it was possible to estimate 1) the ordinal position of striate neurons (i.e., whether they received a monosynaptic, disynaptic or polysynaptic input from the thalamus) and 2) the nature of the afferent input to these neurons (i.e., whether it came from the magnocellular or parvocellular subdivision of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)). Based on receptive field properties six major classes of striate neuron were identified--three which lacked orientation specificity (the ON-center, the OFF-center, and the ON/OFF or nonoriented (N-0) receptive fields) and three with orientation specific responses (the S, the C, and the B categories of receptive field). Units lacking orientation specificity were concentrated in laminae 4A, 4C beta and 6 while, for the cells with orientation specificity, C cells were found in laminae 4B and 6, B cells in 2/3 and 5, and S cells predominantly in laminae 2/3, 4C alpha, and 5. The results of electrical stimulation indicated that cell-to-cell transmission time in the monkey striate cortex is 1.5 msec, and latency measures showed that cells with a monosynaptic drive from the thalamus were confined to laminae 4 and 6 while disynaptically driven cells were found principally in upper lamina 4 (4A and 4B). No cell class was identified exclusively with a given ordinal position and there were many types of potential first-order neurons. The conduction time from one stimulating electrode to the next in the optic radiation was used to identify the afferent input to each striate neuron. The input to color-coded neurones was found to come exclusively from parvocellular layers while the C cells and two subclasses of the S cell (S2 and S3) were driven predominantly by the magnocellular subdivision. For other cell types (those with ON-center, N-0, and S1 receptive fields) the input came from either type of LGN neuron. The laminar distribution of neurons receiving a direct input from the magnocellular and parvocellular streams is in accord with the results of anatomical studies into the site of termination of the LGN input. The cell types receiving these direct inputs vary in the two streams so that the parvocellular input terminates on cells with ON-center and N-0 receptive fields in lamina 4C beta while the magnocellular input goes to cells with S, ON-center, N-0, and C receptive fields in lamina 4C alpha and the lower part of 4B. Consideration is given to the influence of these results on models for neural processing in monkey striate cortex and a comparison is drawn with the results of similar studies in the cat.
101 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the axonal conduction velocity of C-G cells was calculated from differences in latency between antidromic responses to electrical stimulation of LGN and the optic radiation.
Abstract: Among 409 neurons recorded from binocular and monocular segments of the cat striate cortex, 91 were identified as cells (C-G cells) projecting to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) on the basis of antidromic activation from LGN and of histological localization of cortical layer VI. The axonal conduction velocity of these C-G cells was calculated from differences in latency between antidromic responses to electrical stimulation of LGN and the optic radiation. According to this velocity, 70 C-G cells from the binocular segment could be classified as fast (13--32 m/sec), intermediate (3.2--11 m/sec) and slow (0.3--1.6 m/sec) cells. The fast cells (47% of the total) were spontaneously active and had receptive fields of complex type. Histologically they were located mostly in the upper half of layer VI. The intermediate cells (31%) were mostly simple. The slow cells (21%) were completely silent, not driven by visual stimuli, and located mostly in the lower VI. From the monocular segment of the cortex, the intermediate cells could not be recorded, while the other two groups of cells were sampled with the same frequency as from the binocular segment. These findings suggest an existence of three functionally distinct groups of C-G cells and a possible participation of the intermediate cells in binocular vision.
92 citations
TL;DR: Receptive fields of neurons within the separate representations of the glabrous hand in areas 3b and 1 of somatosensory cortex were studied in cynomolgus monkeys, finding many neurons in area 1 have center-surround receptive fields with separate 'on' and 'off' zones.
81 citations
TL;DR: The topographic organization of the orientation column system in tree shrew striate cortex was examined by using 2–deoxyglucose autoradiography to map the cortical sites of increased metabolic activity produced by visual stimulation with stripes of a single orientation.
Abstract: The topographic organization of the orientation column system in the tree shrew striate cortex was examined by using 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography to map the cortical sites of increased metabolic activity produced by visual stimulation with stripes of a single orientation. Awake experimental tree shrews (freely moving, restrained, or paralyzed) were given injections of deoxyglucose label and then stimulated with vertical, horizontal, or oblique stripes for 45--75 min. Autoradiographs of coronal sections through the striate cortex revealed regularly spaced radial zones of increased deoxyglucose uptake 150--350 micrometers wide, extending from the cortical surface to the white matter, separated by interzone regions of lower uptake. The radial zones were most densely labeled and distinct in layers I--IIIb and least distinct in layer IV, which was continuously and densely labeled throughout both the radial zone and interzone regions. These radial zones, which were not present in control animals that viewed many orientations, reflect the locations of cortical cells activated by a single stimulus orientation. Reconstructions of the radial zones from serial sections produced maps of the distribution of increased deoxyglucose uptake across striate cortex. The maps reveal a highly organized system of narrow, parallel bands that are slightly wavy and have a mean spacing of 530 micrometers. The band pattern was confirmed in sections cut tangential to the cortical surface and was similar in animals stimulated with either vertical or horizontal stripes; the bands consistently abut the 17--18 border at nearly right angles and extend across the striate cortex in a generally posteromedial direction. These patterns of increased deoxyglucose consumption confirm the anisotropic distribution of orientation-selective cells across the tree shrew striate cortex, suggested in the preceding microelectrode study (Humphrey and Norton, '80). The density distribution of label within the bands further suggests that the anisotropy is due to a system of parallel, somewhat wavy iso-orientation lines arranged roughly perpendicular to the 17--18 border.
78 citations
TL;DR: Microelectrode recordings were made in the binocular portion of the tree shrew striate cortex to determine how orientation selective cells are distributed topographically in area 17 of this species.
Abstract: Microelectrode recordings were made in the binocular portion of the tree shrew striate cortex to determine how orientation selective cells are distributed topographically in area 17 of this species. Seventy-five percent of the cells sampled were activated well by elongated visual stimuli and were quite selective for stimulus orientation. Ninety-five percent of the orientation-selective cells had orientation tuning ranges (Wilson and Sherman, '76) between +/- 5 degrees and +/- 40 degrees from their optimal orientation. Orientation-selective cells with the same or similar optimal orientations were distributed in cortex in a columnar manner (Hubel and Wiesel, '62), as determined from electrode penetrations nearly normal to the cortical surface. Penetrations parallel to the cortical surface revealed a highly ordered representation of optimal stimulus orientation, generally characterized by sequential changes in optimal orientation with electrode movement across the striate cortex. In addition, relatively consistent differences were observed in the rates and patterns of orientation shift on these penetrations depending on the direction of electrode movement across the cortex. Penetrations parallel to the 17--18 border yielded moderate-to-high rates of orientation change (mean slope = 434 degrees/mm), with the changes generally progressing through a complete clockwise or counterclockwise cycle of 180 degrees or more before a major reversal in the direction of orientation shift was encountered. In contrast, penetrations perpendicular to the border yielded low-to-moderate slopes (mean slope = 239 degrees/mm). On these penetrations a more limited range of optimal orientations (< 180 degrees) was usually encountered, due to frequent reversals in the direction of orientation shift. Also, extended regions (100--200) micrometers long) of constant optimal orientation were observed in these penetrations. The different patterns of orientation change found on these orthogonal penetrations across the striate cortex indicate that the orientation column system in this species is anisotropically organized with respect to the 17--18 border. Further, the regions of constant optimal orientation frequently encountered on penetrations perpendicular to the 17--18 border suggest that the anisotropy is subserved by a system of elongated zones of iso-orientation arranged approximately perpendicular to the 17--18 border.
77 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is presented to suggest that for some of the cells there is a selective GABA-mediated inhibitory process suppressing the non-dominant eye input.
Abstract: Experiments have been carried out to ascertain whether intracortical inhibitory processes influence the ocular dominance of monocularly dominated cells in the primary visual cortex of the normal cat. The GABA antagonist bicuculline has been iontophoretically applied to the cells studied to produce a localised block of inhibitory mechanisms acting on them. The ocular dominance of these cells was tested before, during, and after bicuculline application. In a sample of 42 cells studied, approximately 50% (19) showed a significant change in ocular dominance during bicuculline application. Some exclusively monocular cells became equally driven by either eye during bicuculline application. All the effects were reversible. Receptive field properties revealed in the non-dominant eye were not identical to those in the dominant eye. Evidence is presented to suggest that for some of the cells there is a selective GABA-mediated inhibitory process suppressing the non-dominant eye input. The possible implications of these data are discussed.
TL;DR: Rheusus monkeys were trained to discriminate the angular velocity of moving stimuli and to reach accurately toward lighted targets and were able to recover good performance of these tasks after large bilateral lesions that removed all of striate cortex and almost all of areas OA, OB, and TEO of preoccipital cortex.
TL;DR: Microelectrode penetrations normal to the layers of foveal striate cortex in awake, behaving monkeys have revealed two new facts about the distribution of orientation preferences in this tissue: in the top layers there is a predominance of vertical orientation preferences at eccentricities of less than 30 min, and in the bottom layers there are oblique orientation preferences.
Abstract: Microelectrode penetrations normal to the layers of foveal striate cortex in awake, behaving monkeys have revealed two new facts about the distribution of orientation preferences in this tissue: (1) In the top layers there is a predominance of vertical orientation preferences at eccentricities of less than 30 min, and a predominance of oblique orientation preferences at eccentricities of 30 min to 2 deg. (2) At all eccentricities between 0 and 2 deg there is a striking difference in orientation preference between upper layer (supragranular) and lower layer (infragranular) cells.
TL;DR: Single cell responses to moving visual stimuli have been recorded in the striate cortex of anaesthetized and immobilized cats, and the effects of the reversal of stimulus contrast have been tested.
TL;DR: The cat visual system has been heavily studied as a mammalian model and the extrageniculate thalamocortical projections to area 17 which might exist in this species are discovered and characterized, and the organizations of these projections with the organization of analogous projections in other mammals are compared.
TL;DR: In anesthetized rabbits, the receptive fields of lateral geniculate cells were mapped prior to and following the interruption of the corticogeniculate feed-back, and it is concluded that the V.C. exerts mostly a specific desinhibitory action upon the geniculates network.
TL;DR: This paper first investigates the structure of lateral cortex in boa constrictors, garter snakes, and banded water snakes using Nissl and Golgi preparations, and examines the relation of main olfactory bulb projections to the subdivisions ofateral cortex using Fink‐Heimer and electron microscopic preparations.
Abstract: Lateral cortex is the most laterally placed of the four cortical areas in snakes. Earlier studies suggest that it is composed of several subdivisions but provide no information on their organization. This paper first investigates the structure of lateral cortex in boa constrictors (Constrictor constrictor), garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis), and banded water snakes (Natrix sipedon) using Nissl and Golgi preparations; and secondly examines the relation of main olfactory bulb projections to the subdivisions of lateral cortex using Fink-Heimer and electron microscopic preparations.
Lateral cortex is divided on cytoarchitectonic grounds into two major parts called rostral and caudal lateral cortex. Each part is further divided into dorsal and ventral subdivisions so that lateral cortex has a total of four subdivisions: dorsal rostral lateral cortex (drL), ventral rostral lateral cortex (vrL), dorsal caudal lateral cortex (dcL) and ventral caudal lateral cortex (vcL). Systematic analyses of Golgi preparations indicate that the rostral and caudal parts each contain distinct populations of neurons. Rostral lateral cortex contains bowl cells whose dendrites arborize widely in the outer cortical layer (layer 1). The axons of some bowl cells can be traced medially into dorsal cortex, dorsomedial cortex and medial cortex. Caudal lateral cortex contains pyramidal cells whose somata occur in layers 2 and 3 and whose dendrites extend radially up to the pial surface. In addition, three populations of neurons occur in both rostral and caudal lateral cortex. Stellate cells occur in all three layers and have dendrites which arborize in all directions. Double pyramidal cells occur primarily in layer 2 and have dendrites which form two conical fields whose long axes are oriented radially. Horizontal cells occur in layer 3 and have dendrites oriented concentric with the ependyma. Fink-Heimer preparations of snakes which underwent lesions of the main olfactory bulb show that the primary olfactory projections to cortex are bilateral and restricted precisely to rostral lateral cortex. Electron microscopic degeneration experiments indicate that the olfactory bulb fibers end as terminals which have clear, spherical vesicles and asymmetric active zones. The majority are presynaptic to dendritic spines in outer layer 1.
These studies establish that lateral cortex in snakes is heterogeneous and contains two major parts, each containing two subdivisions. The rostral and caudal parts have characteristic neuronal populations. Primary olfactory input is restricted to rostral lateral cortex and seems to terminate heavily on the distal dendrites of bowl cells. Axons of some of these cells leave lateral cortex, so that the rostral lateral cortex forms a direct route by which olfactory information reaches other cortical areas. The functional role of caudal lateral cortex is not clear.
TL;DR: All of the visual areas in the cat had fewer than 4.0% of the units exhibiting luxotonic activity, in contrast to squirrel monkeys and macaques, which may be related to differences between the two species in the quantitative balance of antagonistic receptive field properties.
Abstract: Neuronal responses to continuous, diffuse white light or darkness were studied in cortical visual areas 17, 18, 19 and Clare-Bishop of the unanesthetized cat In contrast to squirrel monkeys and macaques in which about 40 or 25% of the units in striate cortex are luxotonic (response to continuous light or darkness sustained>20 min), all of the visual areas in the cat had fewer than 40% of the units exhibiting such luxotonic activity The functional basis of this difference may be related to differences between the two species in the quantitative balance of antagonistic receptive field properties
TL;DR: Inhibitory sidebands have been found in some complex receptive fields in the cats striate cortex and the value of the sideband criterion for classification purposes is discussed.
TL;DR: The electrophysiological investigation of elements of the visual cortex could give us much stronger evidence for the claim that they produce Fourieranalysis of the retinal image when a complex image falls upon each receptive field.
TL;DR: Responses of striate cortex neurons of waterdeprived cats were studied during saccadic eye movements rewarded with water and also during eye fixation caused by withdrawal of the reward or by retrobulbar paralysis, suggesting that the “simple” cells are related to the initial image perception, and the ‘complex’ cells to evaluation of the coordinates.
TL;DR: Following chronic (2-3 months) unilateral eye enucleation in cats, an increase was found in the proportion of diffuse, orientation bias and non-oriented receptive fields of cortical cells above the normal level, but this does not indicate a substantial change in the visual properties resulting from deafferentation.
TL;DR: The range of simple-cell stimulus preferences to be found at each point in the striate cortex can be accounted for in terms of a model of retinocortical and intracortical circuits, which offers explanations for adaptation phenomena such as tilt aftereffects and suggest ways in which attentional mechanisms might operate.
Abstract: The range of simple-cell stimulus preferences to be found at each point in the striate cortex can be accounted for in terms of a model of retinocortical and intracortical circuits. It is assumed that each hypercolumn represents a conformal logarithmic mapping of its aggregate field, or hyperfield. Retinal-unit-field centres within the same aggregate field are assumed to be nonoverlapping, and overlap between retinal centres is attributed to a marked overlap between adjacent aggregate fields. Unit-field centres are assumed to be arranged regularly along aggregate-field radii, with diameters which increase linearly with eccentricity. Retinal-unit-field centres project retinotopically to overlapping clusters consisting of nine cortical pillars, and each pillar receives from a corresponding cluster of nine retinal-unit-field centres. Under this mapping, aggregate-field radii project to orientation columns, and concentric semicircles project to spatial-frequency columns. Inhibitory basket-cell axons project at...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the amplitude phase characteristic (APC) of simple fields was measured with inverse Fourier transform to obtain the field's weighting function, and then the APC was reconstructed from the responses to edges and bars, with the use of the Fourier transformation.
Abstract: Impulse responses of the simple fields cat visual cortex were found to be modulated by gratings passing the field. The complex fields proved to be of three types: with modulated responses, unmodulated responses, and with modulated responses against unmodulated background. Amplitude-phase characteristic (APC) measured were inverse Fourier transformed to obtain the field's weighting function. Simultaneously the APC was reconstructed from the responses to edges and bars, with the use of the Fourier transform. Cross-comparison of the reconstructed APC and the WF showed that a RF has some linear properties but, strictly considered, is a non-linear system. Simple fields display the largest degree of linearity. The more complex field is the greater departures from linearity. As linear methods are inadequate for dealing with cortical RFs, their identification was performed in model experiments on a computer. The evidence obtained suggest that the RFs form a system of operators which perform the expansion of the image in non-classical pattern. Such an expansion can be termed quasi-Fourier-description.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It was found that 6-7 months after unilateral section of projection fibres in the cortex, photic sensitivity of neuronal elements markedly decreased in the field 17, whereas cells in fields 18 and 19 retained their responses to commonly used photic stimuli.
Abstract: Prolonged changes in receptive fields of cells in the visual cortex were studied in different periods after ablation of projection connections of the cortex in the contralateral hemisphere. Cellular activity was recorded in non-anaesthetized immobilized cats in different periods (from 2 hours to 14 months) after ablation. It was found that 6-7 months after unilateral section of projection fibres in the cortex, photic sensitivity of neuronal elements markedly decreased in the field 17, whereas cells in fields 18 and 19 retained their responses to commonly used photic stimuli. The paper discusses the problem of different roles of retino-geniculo-cortical and retino-tecto-thalamo-cortical systems in the compensation of impaired visual function.
TL;DR: It is suggested that there is no strict separation of simple (with separate excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms in the receptive field) and complex (with overlapping of these mechanisms) neurons in the squirrel visual cortex.
Abstract: The organization of receptive fields of neurons sensitive to orientation of visual stimuli was investigated in the squirrel visual cortex. Neurons with mutually inhibitory on- and off-areas of the receptive field, with partially and completely overlapping excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms, were distinguished. Neurons of the second group are most typical. They exhibit orientation selectivity within the excitatory area of the receptive field because, if the stimulus widens in the zero direction, perpendicular to the preferred direction, lateral inhibition is much stronger than if it widens in the preferred direction. Additional inhibitory areas (outside the excitatory area) potentiate this inhibition and increase selectivity. It is suggested that there is no strict separation of simple (with separate excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms in the receptive field) and complex (with overlapping of these mechanisms) neurons in the squirrel visual cortex.