Showing papers on "Orientation (computer vision) published in 1975"

System for visually determining position in space and/or orientation in space and apparatus employing same

Abstract: Visual system for determining position in space and/or orientation in three-dimensional space for purposes, for example, of directing or instructing an industrial robot to perform manipulative acts and apparatus employing the visual system. The system includes a portable object arbitrarily movable in three-dimensional space and possessing the discernible properties of position in space and/or orientation in space. One or more sensors extract visual information or image data from the portable object and convert the same to an electric signal or signals. A computer is connected to receive the signal or signals which are analyzed and, in the case of the industrial robot, the information obtained is used to prepare operating instructions.

An improved method of digital image correlation

Abstract: An improved digital image-correlation system has been designed with practicality and efficiency as the major considerations. The imagery is represented within the computer as discrete density values spatially located using a scanning microdensitometer. The system is designed to better use the inherent geometric relationships between the image planes and object space in searching for conjugate imagery on overlapping photographs. Initially, two-dimensional density difference algorithms and enlarged search areas are used to correlate passpoint imagery needed to compute the relative orientation parameters of the photographic system. The epipolar geometric relationships for the stereopair are then calculated and used to better estimate the respective locations of conjugate imagery. Searching for corresponding imagery along epipolar lines, which contain only x-parallax, reduces search time significantly and improves the chances for successful correlation. Elevations are simply interpolated from match-point locations which determine the amount of image point x-parallax along these lines. The horizontal position of final object space coordinates then are determined independent of any residual y-parallax contaminating the system. /Author/

On the Ability to Discriminate Original from Mirror-Image Reproductions of Works of Art

Abstract: Subjects were shown pairs of slides; one member of each pair represented a painting in its correct left-right orientation and the other a mirror image of the same painting. For each pair, subjects were asked (a) to choose which they preferred, (b) to choose which they thought was the original, and (c) to rate their confidence that they had seen the picture before. Subjects were only able to discriminate between originals and mirror images for those paintings they were highly confident of having seen before.

Real-time simulation of a point system with a CRT blank period to settle beam transients

Abstract: A night visual aircraft system receives flight data from an aircraft simulator, and terrain data (such as light points) from the gaming area data base. A computer within the night visual system organizes this image data by frame in a buffer memory according to a particular format of addresses, sequences, and bit places. An image processor receives the formatted image data to account for the position and orientation of the aircraft relative to the light points, and then projects the data into two dimensions for display. An image generator processes the projected data to provide analog inputs to a CRT window display in the simulated aircraft. The deflection input has X and Y voltages which calligraphically position the beam for simulating light points. A blank time increment computer blanks the CRT screen as the beam moves from each displayed light point to the next light point to be displayed. The blank time is sufficient to permit post-deflection settling.

Optical apparatus for reproducing a pair of data images on a common photographic plane

Abstract: An optical apparatus is disclosed which includes at least two optical systems for reproducing a plurality of data images on a common photographic plane. The systems are arranged to allow any desired orientation of the data images on the plane.

Feasibility study of automatic assembly and inspection of light bulb filaments

Abstract: The first phase of a feasibility study of automatic assembly and inspection of incandescent light bulb filaments in the industry is described. The problem is limited to the visual aspect of the system. Picture-processing and pattern-recognition techniques are employed 1) to preprocess the signal provided by a television camera, 2) to transform and extract the features of the object, 3) to classify the lead wires and support wires, and 4) to specify the coordinates of the locations of the tips of the wires. On the assumption that the locations of the tips in the three-dimensional space can be determined through the analysis and processing of two or more two-dimensional visual picture patterns at different angles, the first phase of this feasibility study is confined to processing two-dimensional picture patterns. A complete set of algorithms has been developed, implemented, and tested in the Signal Processing Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Repeatability and consistency of the system are investigated by varying some key parameters, such as lighting, orientation of the object, and setting of the camera. The experimental results show no error in classification and negligible error in specification of the coordinates of the tips.

Depth perception in stereo computer vision.

Abstract: This report describes a stereo vision approach to depth perception; the author has build upon a set of programs that decompose the problem in the following way: 1) Production of a camera model: the position and orientation of the cameras in 3-space. 2) Generation of matching point-pairs: loci of corresponding features in the two pictures. 3) Computation of the point in 3-space for each point-pair. 4) Presentation of the resultant depth information.

Compressed optical system

Abstract: An optical system, particularly for use in an electrostatic copier of the type in which a document is scanned as it moves through an object plane, and an image transmitted to a photoconductive element which is moving through an image plane. A plurality of optical systems each including a lens of short focal length and a roof mirror, are adapted to transmit a portion of an illuminated object plane along parallel light paths. The images thus transmitted are so oriented with respect to each other as to form an integrated image on a receiving surface located at an image plane. In one embodiment the receiving surface is in the nature of a transfer mechanism which has the image cast thereupon in wrong reading orientation, and which mechanically transfers the image, in right reading orientation, to a copy sheet. By introducing an additional plane mirror into the system, the image can be converted to a right reading image for projection directly on a moving copy sheet at an image plane.

Electron Microscope Image Contrast

Abstract: Ideally it should be possible to interpret any given electron micrograph unambiguously in terms of the corresponding specimen microstructure. However, image contrast can be produced by several different mechanisms and may depend critically upon the operating conditions of the microscope, such as the precise orientation of the specimen or the exact amount of defocus of the objective lens. Consequently a complete interpretation may be difficult even though the problem is usually simplified in practice by the fact that normally only one contrast mechanism is important. Although methods exist which in principle enable information about the object to be deduced directly from the image (for example, Head, 1969; Misell and Childs, 1972, 1973; De Rosier and Klug, 1968), these are not in general use since they require a substantial amount of computing time and work well only under favourable conditions. More usually, on the basis of general considerations of contrast production, a guess is made at a possible structure for the object by looking at a number of micrographs. This structure is then confirmed by calculating the contrast it would give under a set of specified conditions and comparing this with the corresponding image. Sometimes such a procedure does not lead to an unambiguous conclusion, but if the way in which contrast arises in each case is known, likely alternative structures may be distinguished by devising a set of operating conditions that would cause microscopes to give different images, and then observing the specimen under these conditions.

Measurement of distance from object to reference system - involves optical image correlator with at least one correlation structure

Abstract: A real image moves relatively to the image correlator. A structure is projected on the object within the field of vision of the correlator, whose azimuthal orientation is rigidly coupled with that of the correlation structure. Amplitude and fundamental wave of the photoelectric signals generated by the interaction of light fluxes are reflected from the object with the correlator, and are evaluated in order to obtain the distance to the object. A projector connected to the image correlator projects an image of the structure onto the tested object; this structure changes its shape only in accordance with a given spatial direction, and its shape and orientation correspond to the correlation structures.