scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Overpotential published in 2009"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a plot of the electrochemical overpotential at 10 mA/cm2 against the log of the BET surface area gives a linear relation with a slope of −47 ± 7 mV/dec, showing unequivocally that the activity increase is a function of accessible catalyst surface area.
Abstract: Cubic Co3O4 nanoparticles with average diameters of 5.9, 21.1, and 46.9 nm (hereafter small, medium, and large) have been synthesized and characterized by pXRD, TEM, and BET. The nanoparticles were loaded onto Ni foam supports for evaluation as anodes for water electrolysis in 1.0 M KOH. Current densities of 10 mA/cm2 were achieved at overpotentials of 328, 363, and 382 mV for anodes loaded with 1 mg/cm2 of small, medium, and large sized Co3O4 nanoparticles, respectively. The activity correlates with the BET surface area of the isolated particles. A plot of the electrochemical overpotential at 10 mA/cm2 against the log of the BET surface area gives a linear relation with a slope of −47 ± 7 mV/dec, showing unequivocally that the activity increase is a function of accessible catalyst surface area.

469 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe recent research advances on nanostructured cathode and anode materials, such as metals, metal oxides, metal phosphides and LiCoO2, LiNi1-xMxO2 with zero-, one-, two-, and three-dimensional morphologies.
Abstract: Reversible nanostructured electrode materials are at the center of research relating to rechargeable lithium batteries, which require high power, high capacity, and high safety. The higher capacities and higher rate capabilities for the nanostructured electrode materials than for the bulk counterparts can be attributed to the higher surface area, which reduces the overpotential and allows faster reaction kinetics at the electrode surface. These electrochemical enhancements can lead to versatile potential applications of the batteries and can provide breakthroughs for the currently limited power suppliers of mobile electronics. This Feature Article describes recent research advances on nanostructured cathode and anode materials, such as metals, metal oxides, metal phosphides and LiCoO2, LiNi1–xMxO2 with zero-, one-, two-, and three-dimensional morphologies.

465 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an exponential dependence of the switching rate on the switching voltage and no significant thickness dependence in the range from 5 to 20nm SiO2 was observed, indicating that the cathodic electrodeposition represents the rate-limiting step of switching kinetics.
Abstract: The kinetics of the switching process in Cu–SiO2-based electrochemical metallization memory cells was investigated as a function of the switching voltage and the SiO2 film thickness. We observe an exponential dependence of the switching rate on the switching voltage and no significant thickness dependence in the range from 5to20nm SiO2. We conclude from our data that the cathodic electrodeposition represents the rate-limiting step of the switching kinetics. The voltage-time dilemma seems to be overcome by the exponential dependence of the switching rate in combination with a threshold voltage presumably originating from a nucleation overpotential.

303 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the formation of stable, adherent, mesoporous films of 2 nm diameter IrIVOx nanoparticles on glassy carbon electrodes, by a previously unreported method of controlled potential electro-flocculation from pH 13 nanoparticle solutions.
Abstract: We describe the formation of stable, adherent, mesoporous films of 2 nm diameter IrIVOx nanoparticles on glassy carbon electrodes, by a previously unreported method of controlled potential electro-flocculation from pH 13 nanoparticle solutions. These films initiate O2 evolution from water oxidation and then achieve 100% current efficiency, at overpotentials only ∼0.15 and ∼0.25 V higher, respectively, than the reversible H2O/O2 potential. The overpotentials, measured at ∼0.5 mA/cm2, are independent of pH and are the smallest yet reported for electrochemical water oxidation, a property important in possible uses in electrochemical solar cells. The films appear to be mesoporous and microscopically accessible, since O2 evolution currents increase proportionately to multilayer nanoparticle film coverage but without a concurrent increase in overpotential.

299 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: High surface area stainless steel brush cathodes produce hydrogen at rates and efficiencies similar to those achieved with platinum-catalyzed carbon cloth cathodes in single-chamber MECs without the need for expensive cathodes.
Abstract: Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) are an efficient technology for generating hydrogen gas from organic matter, but alternatives to precious metals are needed for cathode catalysts. We show here that high surface area stainless steel brush cathodes produce hydrogen at rates and efficiencies similar to those achieved with platinum-catalyzed carbon cloth cathodes in single-chamber MECs. Using a stainless steel brush cathode with a specific surface area of 810 m2/m3, hydrogen was produced at a rate of 1.7 +/- 0.1 m3-H2/m3-d (current density of 188 +/- 10 A/m3) at an applied voltage of 0.6 V. The energy efficiency relative to the electrical energy input was 221 +/- 8%, and the overall energy efficiency was 78 +/- 5% based on both electrical energy and substrate utilization. These values compare well to previous results obtained using platinum on flat carbon cathodes in a similar system. Reducing the cathode surface area by 75% decreased performance from 91 +/- 3 A/m3 to 78 +/- 4 A/m3. A brush cathode with graphite instead of stainless steel and a specific surface area of 4600 m2/m3 generated substantially less current (1.7 +/- 0.0 A/m3), and a flat stainless steel cathode (25 m2/m3) produced 64 +/- 1 A/m3, demonstrating that both the stainless steel and the large surface area contributed to high current densities. Linear sweep voltammetry showed that the stainless steel brush cathodes both reduced the overpotential needed for hydrogen evolution and exhibited a decrease in overpotential over time as a result of activation. These results demonstrate for the first time that hydrogen production can be achieved at rates comparable to those with precious metal catalysts in MECs without the need for expensive cathodes.

230 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Both the overpotential and TO values are nearly the same as those observed previously for films electroflocculated from similar IrO(x) nanoparticles, providing the first comparison of electrocatalysis by nanoparticle films with redox catalysis by dissolved, diffusing nanoparticles.
Abstract: We describe the first example of redox catalysis using a dissolved electroactive nanoparticle, based on the oxidation of water by electrogenerated IrOx nanoparticles containing IrVI states, in pH 13 solutions of 1.6 ± 0.6 nm (dia.) IrIVOx nanoparticles capped solely by hydroxide. At potentials (ca. +0.45 V) higher than the mass transport-controlled plateau of the nanoparticle IrV/IV wave, rising large redox catalytic currents reflect electrochemical generation of IrVI states, which by +0.55 V and onward to +1.0 V are shown by rotated ring disk electrode experiments to lead with 100% current efficiency to the oxidation of water to O2. O2 production at +0.55 V corresponds to an overpotential η of only 0.29 V, relative to thermodynamic expectations of the four electron H2O→O2 reaction. The Ir site turnover frequency (TO, mol O2/Ir sites/s) is 8−11 s−1. Controlled potential coulometry shows that all Ir sites in these nanoparticles (average 66 Ir each) are electroactive, meaning that the nanoparticles are smal...

227 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a simplified COMSOL multiphysics model was used to explain the conditions under which lithium deposition occurs, paying particular attention to the magnitude of edge effects, and it was shown that geometric effects generate overpotential at the edge of the electrode and create conditions which favor plating, despite unused capacity in the center of the node.
Abstract: Empirical observations have shown that lithium deposition occurs preferentially at electrode edges and that extending the negative electrode beyond the edge of the positive by approximately 1 mm can prevent deposition from occurring. In this work, we use a simplified COMSOL Multiphysics model to explain this behavior and to investigate the conditions under which deposition occurs, paying particular attention to the magnitude of edge effects. Model results show that geometric effects generate overpotential at the edge of the electrode and create conditions which favor plating, despite unused capacity in the center of the electrode. Extending the negative electrode beyond the edge of the positive provides excess capacity where it is needed and prevents deposition from occurring before the cutoff potential is reached. Under the assumptions of this model, an extension of 0.4 mm is sufficient to prevent the onset of lithium deposition until after the cutoff potential is reached.

194 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A model for the ethanol electro-oxidation reaction in alkaline media is presented, and the differences with the same reaction in acidic media are pointed out.
Abstract: The electrochemical oxidation of ethanol as well as its irreversible adsorption on platinum single crystal electrodes has been studied in an alkaline solution. In addition, the adsorbed species in the ethanol oxidation reaction were also studied by means of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) on a platinum film electrode. It was found that the oxidation of ethanol is very sensitive to the electrode surface structure: a higher concentration of low-coordination sites increases the current, lowers the overpotential required and lowers the deactivation rate. Furthermore, the terrace length also affects the amounts and the nature of the adsorbed species: on Pt (110), only COad was observed, whereas adsorbed CHx could only be found on electrode surfaces with (111) terrace sites. Based on the results here, a model for the ethanol electro-oxidation reaction in alkaline media is presented, and the differences with the same reaction in acidic media are pointed out.

187 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Xiqian Yu1, Yu He1, Jiefang Sun1, Kun Tang1, H. Li1, Liquan Chen1, Xuejie Huang1 
TL;DR: In this article, Nanocrystalline MnO thin film has been prepared by a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method and the reversible lithium storage capacity at 0.125C is over 472 mAh g(-1) (3484 mAh cm(-3)).

173 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a diffuse-interface thermodynamic model was used to assess the conditions under which amorphous phase transitions may occur in nanoscale LiMPO4 particles.
Abstract: In the drive toward improved electrical energy storage for applications ranging from wireless devices to electric vehicles to grid stabilization, nanoscale materials are of growing interest as ion storage electrodes. Nanoscale olivines based on LiMPO4 (M = Fe, Mn, Co, Ni) are one class of compounds for which recent experimental developments reveal very different phase transition and solid-solubility behavior compared to larger particles. The olivines may be an exemplar for generalized behavior for which metastable crystalline or amorphous phases are produced under the large driving forces incurred during electrochemical reactions. Here we use a diffuse-interface thermodynamic model to assess the conditions under which amorphous phase transitions may occur in nanoscale LiMPO4 particles. There are three central conclusions. First, assuming as with similar solids that the amorphous phase has the lower surface energy, it is found that an initially crystalline phase may undergo amorphization during cycling whe...

162 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Several key properties of the water oxidation catalyst Rb(8)K(2) and its mechanism of water oxidation are given, which are keys to efficient water oxidation at low overpotential and consistent with DFT calculations showing very small energy differences between all adjacent frontier orbitals.
Abstract: Several key properties of the water oxidation catalyst Rb8K2[{RuIV4O4(OH)2(H2O)4}(γ-SiW10O36)2] and its mechanism of water oxidation are given. The one-electron oxidized analogue [{RuVRuIV3O6(OH2)4}(γ-SiW10O36)2]11− has been prepared and thoroughly characterized. The voltammetric rest potentials, X-ray structures, elemental analysis, magnetism, and requirement of an oxidant (O2) indicate these two complexes contain [RuIV4O6] and [RuVRuIV3O6] cores, respectively. Voltammetry and potentiometric titrations establish the potentials of several couples of the catalyst in aqueous solution, and a speciation diagram (versus electrochemical potential) is calculated. The potentials depend on the nature and concentration of counterions. The catalyst exhibits four reversible couples spanning only ca. 0.5 V in the H2O/O2 potential region, keys to efficient water oxidation at low overpotential and consistent with DFT calculations showing very small energy differences between all adjacent frontier orbitals. The voltammet...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Trasatti et al. as mentioned in this paper developed intrinsic kinetic equations for the hydrogen oxidation reaction and the oxygen reduction reaction using as the kinetic parameters the free energies of adsorption and activation for elementary reactions.
Abstract: According to Sergio Trasatti, “A true theory of electrocatalysis will not be available until activity can be calculated a priori from some known properties of the materials.” Toward this goal, we developed intrinsic kinetic equations for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) using as the kinetic parameters the free energies of adsorption and activation for elementary reactions. Rigorous derivation retained the intrinsic connection between the intermediates' adsorption isotherms and the kinetic equations, affording us an integrated approach for establishing the reaction mechanisms based upon various experimental and theoretical results. Using experimentally deduced free energy diagrams and activity-and-barriers plot for the ORR on Pt(111), we explained why the Tafel slope in the large overpotential region is double that in the small overpotential region. For carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles (Pt/C), the polarization curves measured with thin-film rotating disk electrodes also exhibit the double Tafel slope, albeit Pt(111) is several times more active than the Pt nanoparticles when the current is normalized by real surface area. An analytic method was presented for the polarization curves measured with H2 in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The fit to a typical iR-free polarization curve at 80 °C revealed that the change of the Tafel slope occurs at about 0.77 V that is the reversible potential for the transition between adsorbed O and OH on Pt/C. This is significant because it predicts that the Butler–Volmer equation can only fit the data above this potential, regardless the current density. We also predicted a decrease of the Tafel slope from 70 to 65 mV dec−1 at 80 °C with increasing oxygen partial pressure, which is consistent with the observation reported in literature.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed method was successfully applied in the detection of nitrite in water samples and sausage samples, and the results were consistent with those obtained by ion chromatography and UV-visible spectrophotometric methods.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a cyclic voltammogram of NiCu alloy demonstrates the formation of β/β crystallographic forms of the nickel oxyhydroxide under prolonged repetitive potential cycling in alkaline solution.
Abstract: Nickel and nickel–copper alloy modified glassy carbon electrodes (GC/Ni and GC/NiCu) prepared by galvanostatic deposition were examined for their redox processes and electro-catalytic activities towards the oxidation of glucose in alkaline solutions. The methods of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) were employed. The cyclic voltammogram of NiCu alloy demonstrates the formation of β/β crystallographic forms of the nickel oxyhydroxide under prolonged repetitive potential cycling in alkaline solution. It is also observed that the overpotential for O2 evolution increases for NiCu alloy modified electrode. In CV studies, NiCu alloy modified electrode yields significantly higher activity for glucose oxidation compared to Ni. The oxidation of glucose was concluded to be catalyzed through mediated electron transfer across the nickel hydroxide layer comprising of nickel ions of various valence states. The anodic peak currents show linear dependency with the square root of scan rate. This behavior is the characteristic of a diffusion-controlled process. Under the CA regime, the reaction followed a Cottrellian behavior, and the diffusion coefficient of glucose was found to be 1 × 10−5 cm2 s−1, in agreement with diffusion coefficient obtained in CV studies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a CM-MWCNT-GCE modified electrode has been fabricated by electrodepositing curcumin at the surface of multi-wall carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE), which shows a well-defined two-electron and two-proton redox couple with the formal potential of 0.14 V (vs. SCE) that results from the electrochemical oxidation product of CM, a CM derivative in quinone form.
Abstract: A CM-MWCNT-GCE modified electrode has been fabricated by electrodepositing curcumin (CM) at the surface of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The CM-MWCNT-GCE shows a well-defined two-electron and two-proton redox couple with the formal potential of 0.14 V (vs. SCE) that results from the electrochemical oxidation product of CM, a CM derivative in quinone form. It also shows good electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of hydrazine at a reduced overpotential as well as an increased peak current compared with those at a CM modified GCE, a MWCNT modified GCE or an activated GCE. The catalytic rate constant k cat is determined to be 6.26 × 10 3 M −1 s −1 by chronoamperometry. The calibration curve for hydrazine determination is linear in the range of 2–44 μM in pH 8.0 phosphate buffer by amperometry. The detection limit and the sensitivity are 1.4 μM and 22.9 nA μM −1 , respectively. The modified electrode is simple in preparation, and is of character of fast response, high sensitivity and good reproducibility for hydrazine determination.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the structure of lead dioxide deposits formed in conditions likely to be met at the positive electrode during the charge/discharge cycling of a soluble lead-acid flow battery is examined.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study on the electro-deoxidation of porous titanium dioxide precursors in molten calcium chloride is reported, and the results reveal that the formation of titanium metal occurs at electrode potentials significantly more positive than that of calcium deposition, whilst the realisation of very low residual oxygen contents requires potentials around that of calcite deposition.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The photo-oxidation of water on the monoclinic P2(1)/nWO(3) (200, 020, and 002) surfaces is investigated using density functional theory calculations, employing the PW91-generalized gradient approximation, and the method developed by Norskov et al.
Abstract: The photo-oxidation of water on the monoclinic P21/nWO3 (200, 020, and 002) surfaces is investigated using density functional theory calculations, employing the PW91-generalized gradient approximation, and the method developed by Norskov et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 17886 (2004)] based on the free energy differences between the reaction intermediates. We first relax the bulk material unit cell and then investigate the relative stability of different surface terminations of WO3 and analyze the overpotential needed for the photoelectrolysis of water. We found that the rate limiting step is the transfer of a proton from the surface adsorbed OH to the electrolyte, and that the computed overpotential for O2 evolution (1.04 V) is available upon illumination of the surface with visible light.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a solid-state reaction using Co and Te precursors in an autoclave at elevated temperatures was performed to evaluate the ORR activity and selectivity as a function of heating temperatures in catalyst synthesis.
Abstract: Well-dispersed Co1.67Te2 nanoparticles supported on carbon black have been synthesized via a solid-state reaction using Co and Te precursors in an autoclave at elevated temperatures. Their oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and selectivity as a function of heating temperatures in catalyst synthesis were evaluated by rotating disk (RDE) and ring-disk electrodes (RRDE). It was found that the best performing catalyst (CoTe/C-900) was synthesized at a temperature of 900 °C, with regard to the most positive RDE onset (−0.18 V vs Ag/AgCl) and half-wave potentials (−0.35 V vs Ag/AgCl) as well as the lowest peroxide yield (ca. 5%) in alkaline solution (0.1 M KOH, pH = 13). Meanwhile, well-defined limiting currents were reached in the mass transfer-controlled potential range at various rotating speeds, attesting to the high density and uniform distribution of ORR active sites on the catalyst. The average electron transfer number of ORR was determined to be 3.5 for the CoTe/C-900 catalyst by using a modified Koutecky–Levich equation, nearly providing a four-electron pathway for the ORR. A transition of the Tafel slope from ca. −60 mV/dec to ca. −120 mV/dec with overpotential is directly associated with oxide formation and their coverage variation onto catalysts, suggesting a change of the rate-determining step in the ORR mechanism from intermediate-migration to charge-transfer. Extensive physical characterizations including X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were conducted for each CoTe/C sample prepared at various heating temperatures to provide insights into the origins of active sites, and Co1.67Te2 chalcogenide nanoparticles supported on carbon were found to be highly active toward ORR in alkaline electrolytes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The modified electrode showed an efficient catalytic role for the electrochemical oxidation of thioridazine (TR), leading to remarkable decrease in its oxidation overpotential and enhancement of the kinetics of the electrode reaction, which can be confirmed by increasing in the peak current and sharpness of the peak.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a cyclic 1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane ligand was prepared with phenyl substituents on phosphorus and (thiophene-3-yl)phenyl substitution on nitrogen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a two-step potentiostatic double pulse technique was used as a suitable and simple method for controlling the size and morphologies of silver nanoparticles electrodeposited on carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE) surface.
Abstract: Silver nanoparticles (narrowly dispersed in diameter) were electrodeposited on carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE) surface using a two-step potentiostatic method. Potentiostatic double pulse technique was used as a suitable and simple method for controlling the size and morphologies of silver nanoparticles electrodeposited on CILE. The obtained silver nanoparticles deposited on CILE surface showed excellent electrocatalytic activity (low overpotential of −0.35 V vs. Ag/AgCl) towards reduction of hydrogen peroxide. A linear dynamic range of 2–200 μM with an experimental detection limit of 0.7 μM (S/N=3) and reproducibility of 4.1% (n=5) make the constructed sensor suitable for peroxide determination in aqueous solutions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, double layer-type (catalyst layer/current collecting layer) oxygen electrodes (DLE) were developed for reversible SOFCs, where the SDC content, as well as the thickness and porosity of the catalyst layer, were optimized, resulting in a marked reduction of the overpotential.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the redox properties of CueO have been investigated and two mutants, M510L and D439A, were created to reduce the overpotential of the CueO.
Abstract: CueO, a multi-copper oxidase (MCO) occurring in Escherichia coli, catalyses a four-electron reduction of O2 in a direct electron transfer (DET) mechanism with very high electrocatalytic activity on carbon aerogel electrodes. However, the overpotential of CueO is greater than that in other MCOs. By understanding the redox properties of CueO, we attempted to reduce this overpotential. Direct electrochemistry of CueO on carbon aerogel electrodes showed a pair of redox waves derived from the type I (T1) Cu site with a redox potential () of 0.28 V versus Ag|AgCl at pH 5.0. Dependence of on pH suggests the participation of proton transfer and acid–base equilibrium of some amino acid residue. The shape of the catalytic current is consistent with the T1 site being an inlet of electrons in the DET bioelectrocatalysis of O2, in which case the overpotential could be reduced by shifting towards the positive potential. To achieve this, we created mutants of CueO at M510, which is the axial ligand of the T1 Cu, and at D439, which forms a hydrogen bond with His443 coordinated with the T1 Cu. Two mutants, M510L and D439A, successfully reduced the overpotential.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a one-dimensional numerical model has been developed for redox flow battery (RFB) systems with bipolar flow-by electrodes, soluble redox couples, and recirculating batch operation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at Pt-cathodes of microbial electrolysis cells (MEC) has been associated with overpotentials of several hundred millivolts and the effect of buffer on the overpotential is strongly pH dependent.
Abstract: The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at Pt-cathodes of microbial electrolysis cells (MEC) has been associated with overpotentials of several hundred millivolts. The high overpotentials challenge the sustainability of an MEC. This paper shows that the HER overpotential at MEC relevant pH values is reduced if buffer is present. At 15 A/m2 and 50 mM buffer, the lowest overpotential for phosphate was −0.05 V at pH 6.2, for ammonia was −0.05 V at pH 9.0, for carbonate was −0.09 V at pH 9.3, for Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane was −0.07 V at pH 7.8, and for N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid was −0.08 V at pH 7.2. It was shown that the effect of buffer on the overpotential is strongly pH dependent. Furthermore, experimental data and a mass transport equation showed that by increasing the buffer concentration or linear flow speed (i.e., pump speed), or decreasing the current density (i) the overpotential reduces and (ii) the minimum overpotential is reached at a pH that approaches the buffer di...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a two-dimensional comprehensive CFD model of anode-supported SOFCs operating at intermediate temperature has been presented, which provides transport phenomena of gas species with electrochemical characteristics and micro-structural properties, and predicts SOFC performance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the electrocatalytic activity of Ni electrodes for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline solution was compared to the electrode made from electrodeposition of Co and Co-V species on Ni support electrode using ac and dc electrochemical techniques.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a mathematical model was developed to study the performance of CH4 fed solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) considering the direct internal methane steam reforming (MSR) and water gas shift reaction (WGSR).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, weak acid catalysis with protonated phosphate, acetate, and carbonate electrolyte species improved MEC performance by lowering the cathode's overpotential by up to 0.30 V at pH 5, compared to sodium chloride electrolytes.