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Overpressure

About: Overpressure is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 3236 publications have been published within this topic receiving 34648 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a reinforced concrete slab as the target to investigate the reflected peak overpressure and impulse distributions as a function of charge shape, orientation, and scaled distance.
Abstract: Although the distributions of peak incident overpressure and impulse generated from spherical charges and cylindrical charges of the same weight can differ greatly close to the point of detonation, spherical charges are assumed for nearly all explosive-effects computations per modern standards for blast-resistant design such as UFC-3-340-02 and the soon-to-be published ASCE Standard for the Blast Protection of Buildings. A blast-testing program was performed using a reinforced concrete slab as the target to investigate the reflected peak overpressure and impulse distributions as a function of charge shape, orientation, and scaled distance. The charge shapes were cylindrical and spherical, and the charge mass varied from 0.24 to 8.0 kg. Nine pressure transducers were installed on the surface of the slab to record the distribution of pressure histories over the face of the target. A finite element model of the explosive and the target was validated using the experimental data. The validated model was then used to undertake a parametric analysis to more broadly study the effects of detonation point, ratio of charge length to charge diameter, charge orientation and standoff distance on the distribution of reflected overpressure. Numerical results are compared with predictions of UFC-3-340-02. For cylindrical charges, the ratio of charge length (L) to diameter (D), the orientation of the longitudinal axis of the charge, and detonation point within the charge affected the distributions of reflected peak overpressure and impulse in the immediate vicinity of the explosive. The UFC-3-340-02 underpredicts substantially the reflected peak overpressure and impulse on a target aligned with the vertical axis of a cylindrical charge with an aspect ratio of 1.0.

83 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present analytical derivations and 2-D numerical simulations that quantify magnitudes of deviatoric stress and tectonic overpressure by relating them to lateral variations in the gravitational potential energy (GPE).
Abstract: We present analytical derivations and 2-D numerical simulations that quantify magnitudes of deviatoric stress and tectonic overpressure (i.e. difference between the pressure, or mean stress, and the lithostatic pressure) by relating them to lateral variations in the gravitational potential energy (GPE). These predictions of tectonic overpressure and deviatoric stress associated with GPE differences are independent of rock rheology (e.g. viscous or elastic) and rock strength. We consider a simple situation with lowlands and mountains (plateau). We use a numerical two-layer model consisting of a crust with higher Newtonian viscosity than that in the mantle, and also a three-layer model in which the two-layer lithosphere overlies a much less viscous asthenosphere. Our results (1) explain why estimates for the magnitude of stresses in Tibet, previously published by different authors, vary by a factor of two, (2) are applied to test the validity of the thin sheet approximation, (3) show that the magnitude of the depth-integrated tectonic overpressure is equal to the magnitude of the depth-integrated deviatoric stress if depth-integrated shear stresses on vertical and horizontal planes within the lithosphere are negligible (the thin sheet approximation) and (4) show that under thin sheet approximation tectonic overpressure is required to build and support continental plateaus, such as in Tibet or in the Andes, even if the topography and the crustal root are in isostatic equilibrium. Under thin sheet approximation, the magnitude of the depth-integrated tectonic overpressure is equal to the depth-integrated horizontal deviatoric stress, and both are approximately 3.5 × 10 12 N m −1 for Tibet. The horizontal driving force per unit length related to lateral GPE variations around Tibet is composed of the sum of both tectonic overpressure and deviatoric stress, and is approximately 7 × 10 12 N m −1 . This magnitude exceeds previously published estimates for the force per unit length required to fold the Indo-Australian Plate south of India, and hence the uplift of the Tibetan plateau could have folded the Indian Plate. We also discuss the mechanical conditions that are necessary to achieve isostasy, for which the lithostatic pressure is constant at a certain depth. The results show that tectonic overpressure can exist at a certain depth even if all deviatoric stresses are zero at this depth, because this tectonic overpressure is related to horizontal gradients of vertical shear stresses integrated across the entire depth of the lithosphere. The magnitude of the depth-integrated tectonic overpressure of 3.5 × 10 12 N m −1 implies that the pressure estimated from observed mineral assemblages in crustal rocks is likely significantly different from the lithostatic pressure, and pressure recorded by crustal rocks is not directly related to depth. In case of significant weakening of the entire lithosphere by any mechanism our analytical and numerical studies provide a simple estimation of tectonic overpressure via variations in GPE.

83 citations

Patent
05 Oct 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, an overpressure stop bridge is formed utilizing deep X-ray lithography to form a well-defined bridge structure and the gap between the membrane and the bottom surface of the bridge is established with a sacrificial layer, such as polyimide film, which dissolves in a solvent.
Abstract: Microminiature pressure transducers are formed on semiconductor substrates such as silicon and include a membrane which spans a cavity over the substrate, with the membrane being mounted to and sealed to the substrate at the peripheral edges of the membrane. The bottom of the cavity forms an overpressure stop to prevent over deflections of the membrane toward the substrate. An overpressure stop formed as a bridge of a material such as nickel extends above the membrane and is spaced therefrom to allow the membrane to deflect freely under normal pressure situations but prevent over deflections. The thickness of the polysilicon membrane and the spacing between the membrane and the overpressure stops is preferably in the range of 10 micrometers or less, and typically in the range of one micrometer. The overpressure stop bridge is formed utilizing deep X-ray lithography to form a well-defined bridge structure. The gap between the membrane and the bottom surface of the bridge is established with a sacrificial layer, such as a polyimide film, which dissolves in a solvent. The transducer is formed utilizing processing techniques which do not affect the performance of the membrane as a pressure sensor and which allow the substrate to have further micromechanical or microelectronic devices formed thereon.

82 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1991-Icarus
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present results from fragmentation experiments at elevated external pressure; the application of overpressure to a small target allows the experiment to match the lithospheric compressive stress of a larger body's interior.

82 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors determined the MPP history for the Fulmar Formation sandstones (Upper Jurassic) of the Central Graben, North Sea, and compared the predictions to measured core data.
Abstract: The overpressure history of a sandstone can be estimated using a numerical model if the burial curve and geological setting are known. From the resulting effective stress, the maximum potential porosity (MPP) can be calculated. The MPP is the maximum porosity the rock could theoretically hold open at the modeled burial depth and pore pressure. Measured rock porosities should be at or below the MPP. We have determined the MPP history for the Fulmar Formation sandstones (Upper Jurassic) of the Central Graben, North Sea, and have compared the predictions to measured core data. We conclude that for the majority of the Fulmar Formation sandstones, the porosity evolution is a simple pattern of reduction during burial caused by compaction and cementation. However, in wells sited close to regional overpressure leak-off points, the porosity has been significantly increased from an end-of-Oligocene low (mean 21%) to the present-day values (mean 31%). This porosity increase occurred by feldspar dissolution, with the reaction products being removed from the sandstones. Secondary porosity generation and the export of solute occurred while the sandstone was highly overpressured, although still part of an open hydrogeological system. The generation of porosity within deeply buried sandstones is of commercial importance and potentially can be predicted.

81 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023263
2022504
2021174
2020173
2019171
2018174