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Paralytic shellfish poisoning

About: Paralytic shellfish poisoning is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1173 publications have been published within this topic receiving 39297 citations. The topic is also known as: PSP & Paralytic shellfish poisoning.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The recent elucidation of the saxitoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in cyanobacteria and the identification of new PST analogs will present opportunities to further explore the pharmaceutical potential of these intriguing alkaloids.
Abstract: Saxitoxin (STX) and its 57 analogs are a broad group of natural neurotoxic alkaloids, commonly known as the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). PSTs are the causative agents of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and are mostly associated with marine dinoflagellates (eukaryotes) and freshwater cyanobacteria (prokaryotes), which form extensive blooms around the world. PST producing dinoflagellates belong to the genera Alexandrium, Gymnodinium and Pyrodinium whilst production has been identified in several cyanobacterial genera including Anabaena, Cylindrospermopsis, Aphanizomenon Planktothrix and Lyngbya. STX and its analogs can be structurally classified into several classes such as non-sulfated, mono-sulfated, di-sulfated, decarbamoylated and the recently discovered hydrophobic analogs—each with varying levels of toxicity. Biotransformation of the PSTs into other PST analogs has been identified within marine invertebrates, humans and bacteria. An improved understanding of PST transformation into less toxic analogs and degradation, both chemically or enzymatically, will be important for the development of methods for the detoxification of contaminated water supplies and of shellfish destined for consumption. Some PSTs also have demonstrated pharmaceutical potential as a long-term anesthetic in the treatment of anal fissures and for chronic tension-type headache. The recent elucidation of the saxitoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in cyanobacteria and the identification of new PST analogs will present opportunities to further explore the pharmaceutical potential of these intriguing alkaloids.

584 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This is a critical review of the global distribution, sources of variation in toxicity, anatomical partitioning, metabolism, and detoxification kinetics of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins (carbamate, TV-sulfocarbamoyl, and decarbamoysl saxitoxin derivatives) in bivalve molluscs.
Abstract: This is a critical review of the global distribution, sources of variation in toxicity, anatomical partitioning, metabolism, and detoxification kinetics of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins (carbamate, TV-sulfocarbamoyl, and decarbamoyl saxitoxin derivatives) in bivalve molluscs. Marked interspecific differences in toxin accumulation are related to differences in toxin sensitivity, determined from neurological, physiological, and behavioral responses. Toxicity also varies considerably with body size, immersion time, off-bottom position, and over distances ≤1 km. Bivalve species can be broadly classified as rapid (e.g., Mytilus eduJis) or slow detoxifiers (e.g., Placopecten mageJJanicus). The former takes weeks to detoxify to the regulatory level (up to 15% toxin loss day−1); the latter takes months to years to detoxify (≤3% loss day−1). Toxin biotransformation, which may lead to changes in net toxicity, varies greatly among species. A few clam species, such as Protothaca staminea and Spisula soli...

470 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1999-Toxicon
TL;DR: During a screening of toxic freshwater cyanobacteria in Brazil, three strains isolated from the State of Sao Paulo were found toxic by the mouse bioassay, providing the first evidence of paralytic shellfish toxins in this species.

449 citations

Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: Some Taxonomic and Biologic Aspects of Toxic Dinoflagellates and Toxic Cyanophycea (Cyanobacteria).
Abstract: Some Taxonomic and Biologic Aspects of Toxic Dinoflagellates. Methods of Analysis for Algal Toxins: Dinoflagellate and Diatom Toxins. Mode of Action of Toxins of Shellfish Poisoning. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning. Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning. Control Measures in Shellfish and Finfish Industries: U.S.A. Seafood Toxins of Algal Origin and Their Control in Canada. Taxonomy of Toxic Cyanophycea (Cyanobacteria). Measurement of Toxins from Blue-Green Algae in Water and Foodstuffs. Mechanism of Toxicity of Cyclic Peptide Toxins from Blue-Green Algae. Disease Related to Freshwater Algal Blooms.

443 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202323
202251
202126
202021
201935
201839