Showing papers on "Partial oxidation published in 1982"

Methanol from coal and natural gas

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process which uses the methanol synthesis gas from steam reforming in a first methanol plant and effectively integrates a second methanol plant which uses as the methanol synthesis gas (a) the purge gas from the first methanol plant and (b) the clean syn-gas produced by partial oxidation.

Catalytic partial oxidation process

Abstract: A method and apparatus for carrying out partial oxidation of hydrocarbon feeds to produce hydrogen rich gases suitable for steam reforming, utilizes a monolithic platinum and palladium containing catalyst. The process comprises introducing an oxygen containing oxidant gas (e.g., air), steam and a hydrocarbon feed into a catalytic partial oxidation apparatus comprising an adiabatic reaction vessel. The oxidation catalyst preferably comprises platinum, palladium and optionally rhodium distended upon a stabilized alumina washcoat. At least one half by weight of the hydrocarbon feed is catalytically oxidized in the monolith at a high throughput rate to produce an effluent suitable for further processing, such as steam reforming.

Partial oxidation of methane by nitrous oxide over molybdenum oxide supported on silica

Abstract: Methanol and formaldehyde were formed as major products at a moderate conversion level (16%) in the partial oxidation of methane by nitrous oxide in the presence of water over molybdenum oxide supported on silica.

Process for the preparation of hydrocarbons from carbon-containing material

Abstract: Pulverized coal is converted by means of a gaseous mixture and partial oxidation into synthesis gas which is subsequently utilized as a feedstock for the production of hydrocarbons. A gaseous mixture containing non-converted synthesis gas and low boiling hydrocarbons is separated from the higher boiling hydrocarbons and recycled to the coal conversion step.

Disposal process for halogenated organic material

Abstract: A method for disposing of a halogenated organic material includes the steps of partially oxidizing the halogenated organic material, a hydrocarbonaceous material, and a nitrogen compound with a free-oxygen containing gas and optionally with a temperature moderator in a synthesis gas generator under partial oxidation conditions. The partial oxidation produces a synthesis gas containing, among others, hydrogen halide and ammonia. The synthesis gas is then contacted with a quench medium which dissolves the hydrogen halide into the quench medium. The hydrogen halide and quench medium can be disposed of by the addition of a base to form a readily disposed metal salt of the halide.

Synthesis gas system

Abstract: Method and apparatus for the production of synthesis gas from hydrocarbonaceous gases, wherein a hydrocarbonaceous gas is preheated, reacted with oxygen in the presence of steam, and quenched utilizing a rotating matrix comprising glassy ceramic fibers. After reaction with oxygen, the gases may be passed over a catalyst to further convert said hydrocarbonaceous gas to synthesis gas. Such method and apparatus is especially useful in a process for the production of methanol, wherein carbon dioxide in the synthesis gases is absorbed using crude methanol and recycled, by stripping the CO u-rich crude methanol with gas which has passed over catalyst for the conversion of synthesis gas to methanol under conversion conditions, thereby recycling and ultimately recovering as methanol yield carbon present in both carbon dioxide and unconverted methane present in said gases. This process requires neither the expensive reforming furnace nor the expensive synthesis gas compressors conventionally required in steam reforming methods, and uses much less oxygen than in conventional partial oxidation processes. This process is usefully augmented by additional methanol production by means of method and apparatus for partial oxidation, thereby comprising an even more highly efficient, integrated process for the production of methanol, wherein all methane carbon utilized by the combined process is converted to methanol except for about 7% which is required as fuel for power in efficiently separating the oxygen required from air and compressing it to operating pressure.

Partial oxidation system

Abstract: Method and apparatus for the partial oxidation of gaseous hydrocarbons, in which a gaseous hydrocarbon is subjected to preheating, reacted with oxygen and rapidly cooled by means of a rotating matrix comprising vitreous ceramic fibers. Such a matrix can be constructed and compartmentalized by means of a method and an apparatus using the intrinsic properties of tensile strength of the fibers in order to impart sufficient mechanical resistance to the walls of the compartments. Such a partial oxidation process and apparatus proves particularly useful in the context of a direct and integrated process for the production of tert-butyl ethers, in which the products of partial oxidation of methane and isobutane are methanol and isobutylene, these intermediate products being collected directly and combined to form methyl tert-butyl ether. In addition, the by-products of such partial oxidation can also be converted into usable tert-butyl ethers.

Comparison of copper and cobalt exchanged zeolites by ultraviolet–visible and infrared spectroscopies. Adsorption of propene and redox properties

Abstract: In the context of the partial oxidation of propene, this paper describes a comparison of copper and cobalt exchanged Y-type zeolites relative to propene adsorption. The modifications induced in the hydrocarbon molecule, the migration of the cations and their redox properties are studied by electronic and vibrational spectroscopies.Co2+ ions are not reduced and adsorb propene, retaining a tetrahedral coordination. The resulting allylic carbonium ion appears to be a probable precursor in coke formation and consequently to induce deactivation. A mechanism is proposed.Cu2+ ions migrate to accessible sites under propene adsorption and are easily reduced to Cu+ ions which coordinate propene to give a π-propene complex. Extra-framework oxide ions are available to oxidize CO into CO2 and propene into partial oxidation products. Upon drastic reduction, the Cu2+ ions are reduced into atomically dispersed Cu0(CO reduction) or into agglomerated Cu0, i.e. metallic copper (H2 reduction).The catalytic properties of the two sets of zeolites may be more closely related to the redox properties of the ions than to the acidic properties of the exchanged zeolites.

Analysis of the factors affecting selectivity in the partial oxidation of benzene to maleic anhydride. Part 3.—Mechanism of benzene surface oxidation on a vanadium pentoxide–molybdenum trioxide catalyst

Abstract: Rate measurements are described in which benzene, hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone were oxidised over a vanadium pentoxide–molybdenum trioxide catalyst. These experiments showed: (i) that the catalytic oxidation of benzene did not involve any homogeneous component as has been previously reported and (ii) that identical selectivities (ca. 60%) to maleic anhydride could be obtained from benzene or hydroquinone, p-benzoquinone being oxidised mainly to carbon oxides with negligibly small selectivities (< 6%) to maleic anhydride. The selective reaction pathway from benzene to maleic anhydride is therefore taken to involve hydroquinone, the oxidation of which can result in maleic anhydride or p-benzoquinone, the latter being the main intermediate in the non-selective pathway.An explanation of these results is found in orbital symmetry conservation arguments which show that the concerted addition of a chemisorbed oxygen molecule (i.e. having an extra electron in an antibonding π orbital)para, across the ring of a chemisorbed benzene molecule (i.e. a benzene molecule deficient of electrons in the highest occupied orbital), is allowed. This adsorbed adduct is presumed to rearrange to form hydroquinone which, by another identical molecular addition of oxygen across the ring, followed by the elimination of a C2H2 fragment and of water, forms maleic anhydride. The low surface oxidation activation energy, the necessity for the involvement of molecular chemisorbed oxygen and the identity of the selectivities of benzene and hydroquinone are accounted for in this mechanism.The near inability of p-benzoquinone to form maleic anhydride is also accounted for, since its structure and probable mode of chemisorption (donation of electrons to the catalyst from the carbon–carbon double bond) are unlikely to produce the 1,4-oxygen adduct necessary for maleic anhydride formation.

Oxide formation during the selective dissolution of silver from silver-gold alloys in nitric acid

Abstract: A new phase formed on the surface of silver-gold alloys undergoing selective dissolution of silver in nitric acid has been studied by electron diffraction and dark-field transmission electron microscopy. The results of this analysis together with simple chemical tests suggest that the corrosion phase is gold oxide. It is proposed that the oxidation of gold occurs as a result of a change of chemical environment brought about by the selective dissolution of silver which effectively lowers the oxidation potential for gold. Partial oxidation of residual gold atoms resulting from the selective dissolution of silver might also be important in the growth of gold-rich islands, which are frequently found on the surfaces of corroding alloys, since this probably enhances their surface diffusivity.

Apparatus for reforming hydrocarbon fuel

Abstract: PURPOSE: To reduce the size of an apparatus by using a molded body composed of multilayered thin walls of a heat resistant inorg. material such as γ-alumina or mullite having a honeycomb or lattice-shaped cross-section as the carrier of a reforming catalyst body and supporting a Pt group metal on the front part of the carrier and a transition metallic oxide on the rear part. CONSTITUTION: Hydrocarbon fed to an apparatus 1 for reforming hydrocarbon fuel from the hydrocarbon feeding pipe 4 is mixed with air fed from the air feeding pipe 5, and partial oxidation reforming is carried out in the presence of a reforming catalyst body 7 to reform the hydrocarbon into an inorg. gas consisting essentially of H 2 and CO 2 . The catalyst body 7 has a carrier of a heat resistant inorg. material such as γ-alumina, cordierite or mullite having a honeycomb or lattice-shaped cross-section, and it is obtd. by supporting a Pt group metal 8 such as Pt, Pd or Rh on the front part of the carrier corresponding to about 1/3 of the total length and a transition metallic oxide 9 such as Ni or Co oxide on the rear part corresponding to about 2/3. COPYRIGHT: (C)1983,JPO&Japio

Adiabatically reforming a reformed gas for producing methanol

Abstract: The present invention is an improvement to a process for producing methanol which uses both steam reforming and partial oxidation by adiabatically reforming with substantially pure oxygen the reformed gas to produce the maximum amount of hydrogen for the synthesis of methanol.

Method for desulfurization and oxidation of carbonaceous fuels

Abstract: A method for desulfurization and oxidation of carbonaceous fuels including a two stage oxidation technique. The carbonaceous fuel, along with an oxygen-containing gas is introduced into a first stage partial oxidation unit containing molten slag maintained at a temperature of about 2200°-2600° F. A flux may also be introduced into the first stage partial oxidation unit for the purpose of maintaining the viscosity of the molten slag at a value no greater than about 10 poise. The carbonaceous fuel is gasified, and sulfur is chemically bound and captured in the molten slag. The combustible gas derived from partial oxidation and gasification is directed along a substantially horizontal path to a second stage oxidation unit for final combustion. The sulfur-containing slag is removed to a water-sealed quench system for disposal.

Partial oxidation with recycle of recovered carbon

Abstract: Unconverted char in a mixture of particles formed in the partial oxidation of an ash-containing solid fuel is recovered by grinding the mixture and subjecting the ground material to froth flotation.

Oxidized polyacetylene and a process for the preparation thereof

Abstract: Increasing the electrical conductivity of polyacetylene by partial oxidation (doping) with a compound of trivalent iron or of trivalent cobalt.

Catalytic oxidation of liquid cycloparaffins

Abstract: A process for the catalytic oxidation of liquid cyclo-paraffins to oxidation products thereof is disclosed. In the process partial oxidation products are formed by oxidizing the cycloparaffin with molecular oxygen-containing gas in the presence of an oxidation catalyst comprising two heavy metal compounds. The first heavy metal compound is a cobalt compound having ligands selected from dialkyl phosphate, dicycloalkylphosphate and alkylcycloalkylphosphate, optionally additionally combined with pyridine. The second heavy metal compound is a chromium alkanoate. A preferred catalyst is cobalt bis[di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate] combined with chromium naphthenate. Partial oxidation products are oxidized with nitric acid to dicarboxylic acids.

Structural and morphological investigation of the oxidation of titanium diboride in various environments I. Oxidation of titanium diboride in air

Abstract: It has been established that titanium diboride experiences partial oxidation during sintering. The phase composition of the low-temperature oxidation products of titanium diboride has been determined. The intensity of oxidation is a maximum at 500°C, which is linked with a specific character of growth of oxide films on titanium diboride.

Oxidation of o-xylene on tin-antimony oxides

Abstract: Oxidation of o-xylene on the Sn−Sb oxide system calcined at 500 °C yields tolualdehyde as main partial oxidation product, its quantity increasing with the increasing Sb content, and some phthalic anhydride at lower Sb concentration (≤40 at. % Sb). Increase in catalyst calcination temperature leads to a decrease in selectivity to partial oxidation products, accompanied by an increase in total oxidation products. Comparison of the results with those reported for the same catalysts in propylene oxidation /2–4/ shows different responses of both hydrocarbons to surface structure changes occurring on calcination, thus indicating different “surface structure sensitivity” for both oxidation reactions in the case of the Sn−Sb−O system.

Composition and process for the removal of impurities from combustion gases

Abstract: A low melting, eutectic melt salt composition comprising Li 2 CO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 and K 2 CO 3 , also containing MnCO 3 , is disclosed including its use as a melt in the process for the removal of contaminants, e.g., H 2 S, COS and/or fly ash, from gases obtained by partial oxidation/combustion.

Utilizing method of surplus gas

Abstract: PURPOSE:To adjust the supply and demand of a surplus gas advantageously, by adjusting components in the surplus gas formed as by-product in an iron mill, etc. to a specific volume ratio H2/CO, methanizing the adjusted gas, partially oxidizing the methanized gas to give methanol gas, cooling the gas to ordinary temperature, and easily liquefying and storing the surplus gas. CONSTITUTION:A coke oven gas (COG) 1 formed as a by-product in an iron mill, etc. is mixed with a converter gas (LDG) 2 in a gas mixer 9 to adjust the volume ratio between H2 and CO to >=3. The adjusted mixture is then passed through a methanizing reaction column 10 to give a gas rich in methane. The gas is then dehdrated in a dehydrating column 11 and decarbonated in a decarbonating column 12 Oxygen or air 14 is added to the decarbonated gas in an amount of the upper explosion limit or above, and the gas is partially oxidized in the presence of a chromium oxide as a catalyst in a methanol reaction colum 13 to afford the methanol gas. The resultant methanol gas is then cooled to ordinary temperature in an indirect cooler 15 to give liquid methanol 17. According to the method, methanol is obtained by the partial oxidation of the methane at a relatively low pressure, and the surplus gas can be easily liquefied and stored. Thus, the mthanol is useful for adjusting the supply and demand of the surplus gas in the season of low electric power demand.

THE CONDENSATION OF p-TROPOQUINONES WITH 5-HYDROXYTROPOLONE: A “PHENOL OXIDATION REACTION” IN THE TROPONOID SYSTEM

Abstract: Condensation of p-tropoquinones and 5-hydroxytropolones, preferably by acid, yielded dicycloheptafurandione derivatives, which have the same carbon framework with utahin, a naturally-occurring dimeric tropolone. Partial oxidation of 5-hydroxytropolones and partial reduction of p-tropoquinones respectively yielded the condensates. This should exemplify the “phenol oxidation” in troponoids.

Processing of solid waste into gas

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain useful gas economically and efficiently, by decomposing thermally a solid waste at a specific temperature to give a gas, reforming it with high-temperature steam, eliminating HCl and H2S, followed by making it into methane. CONSTITUTION:The solid waste 1 is thermally decomposed by the pyrolysis furnace 2 of the fluidized bed type of two column, etc. at >=550 deg.C, to give the gas comprising H2, CO, CO2, hydrocarbon such as CH4, etc., inert gas, and impurities such as chlorine compound and sulfur compound. The gas 3 is reformed by the continuous type reforming reactor 4 with high-temperature steam, etc., sent through the HCl eliminating column 11 and the H2S eliminating column 14, and made into methane by the reactor 19 for preparing methane, to give the desired gas. The preferable reforming process with high-temperature steam includes cyclic type and partial oxidation type reforming process as well.

Gasification of heavy oil

Abstract: PURPOSE:To carry out the efficient gasification of heavy oil without coking troubles, by heating the heavy oil and the by-produced carbon under pressure, and carrying out the partial oxidation of the produced heavy residue slurry and the steam reforming of the light oil produced in high yield. CONSTITUTION:The stock heavy oil (e.g. the distillation residue of Iranian heavy) is sent through the line 1 to the carbon recovering apparatus 3, mixed with the by-produced carbon sent from the partial oxidation step, transferred through the line 5, preheated, and sent to the high-temperature and pressure reactor 7, in which it is heat-treated under pressure for a predetermined time interval (e.g. at 410 deg.C under 10kg/cm pressure for 3hr as an average treating time). After separating the gas and the oil from the treated product, it is distilled in the distillation column 15, and the residual slurry is fed to the partial oxidation reactor 25 together with oxygen 21 and steam 23 and gasified. The by- produced carbon is transferred to the recovering apparatus 3, and the produced gas is sent to the methanation reactor 41. The light oil is desulfurized in the hydrogenation reactor 29, gasified with steam 37 in the steam reformer 35, and sent to the methanation reactor 47.

Process for generating a synthesis gas suitable for the synthesis of methanol

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for generating a synthesis gas suitable for the synthesis of methanol by partial oxidation of coke furnace gas, the crude coke furnace gas, before the partial oxidation is carried out, being largely freed of tar and being precooled to a temperature of from 20 to 70 DEG C. Following the partial oxidation, which is preferably carried out in the presence of oxygen and/or air enriched with oxygen at a temperature of from 1100 to 1600 DEG C and a pressure of from 1 to 2 bar, the partial-oxidation gas generated is dedusted and desulphurised, whereupon this gas, after appropriate compression, is used as a synthesis gas for the synthesis of methanol without further secondary treatment.

Oxidized polyacetylene and process for its preparation

Abstract: Erhohung der elektrischen Leitfahigkeit von Polyacetylen durch teilweise Oxidation (Dotierung) mit einer Verbindung des dreiwertigen Eisens oder dreiwertigen Kobalts. Increasing the electrical conductivity of polyacetylene by partial oxidation (doping) with a compound of trivalent iron or trivalent cobalt.

The condensation of p-tropoquinones with 5-hydroxytropolone: a “phenol oxidation reaction” in the troponoid system

Abstract: Condensation of p-tropoquinones and 5-hydroxytropolones, preferably by acid, yielded dicycloheptafurandione derivatives, which have the same carbon framework with utahin, a naturally-occurring dimeric tropolone. Partial oxidation of 5-hydroxytropolones and partial reduction of p-tropoquinones respectively yielded the condensates. This should exemplify the “phenol oxidation” in troponoids.

Process and catalyst for the hydrogenation of coal

Abstract: PROCESS AND CATALYST FOR THE HYDROGENATION OF COAL ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Blast furnace flue dust is used as a catalyst in a process for the hydrogenation of coal. A flowable mixture of finely divided coal particles and liquid hydrocarbons is brought to high pressure and to reaction temperature. The mixture is hydrogenated with hydrogen in the presence of blast furnace dust as a hydrogenation catalyst. The cost-effective hydrogenation catalyst is reused profitably subsequent to application in the coal hydrogenation process. Gaseous products are separated from liquid and solid reaction products. Liquid products are vaporized and are fractionated under atmospheric pressure and under vacuum. Hydrogen for use in the hydrogenation is produced by partial oxidation of the residue, and the catalyst is deposted as slag, which is returned to the blast furnace.