Topic
Participant observation
About: Participant observation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 4863 publications have been published within this topic receiving 184067 citations.
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Book•
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the literature on qualitative and quantitative research in social research and discussed the nature and process of social research, the nature of qualitative research, and the role of focus groups in qualitative research.
Abstract: PART ONE ; 1. The nature and process of social research ; 2. Social research strategies: quantitative research and qualitative research ; 3. Research designs ; 4. Planning a research project and formulating research questions ; Getting started: reviewing the literature ; 6. Ethics and politics in social research ; PART TWO ; 7. The nature of quantitative research ; 8. Sampling in quantitative research ; 9. Structured interviewing ; 10. Self-administered questionnaires ; 11. Asking questions ; 12. Structured observation ; 13. Content analysis ; 14. Using existing data ; 15. Quantitative data analysis ; 16. Using IBM SPSS for Windows ; PART THREE ; 17. The nature of qualitative research ; 18. Sampling in qualitative research ; 19. Ethnography and participant observation ; 20. Interviewing in qualitative research ; 21. Focus groups ; 22. Language in qualitative research ; 23. Documents as sources of data ; 24. Qualitative data analysis ; 25. Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis: using NVivo ; PART FOUR ; 26. Breaking down the quantitative/qualitative divide ; 27. Mixed methods research: combining quantitative and qualitative research ; 28. Writing up social research
17,352 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the author analyzes the maturing research in the field of organization studies - the available ethnographic methods, participant observation, qualitative research, and clinical research, concluding that culture functions to solve an organization's basic problems of surviving in the external environment and integrating its internal processes to ensure its continued survival.
Abstract: Discusses the key role of organizational leadership in organizational culture, and the intertwining problems associated with each. Organizational culture is defined as the basic assumptions and beliefs shared by members of an organization. These are learned, operate unconsciously, and essentially define an organization's view of itself and its environment. Though cultural differences are reflected in companies, each company also has an individual culture that modifies local or national cultures. Origins of culture are discussed, especially the entrepreneur's effect on cultural formation, and mechanisms of embedding and reinforcing cultural standards as a means of guiding an evolving company. Taking an interdisciplinary perspective, the book analyzes the maturing research in the field of organization studies - the available ethnographic methods, participant observation, qualitative research, and clinical research. Results indicate that culture functions to solve an organization's basic problems of (a) surviving in the external environment and (b) integrating its internal processes to ensure its continued survival. Since the organizational structure and people's attitudes and perceptions constitute key artifacts of a culture, both these must be changed before the company's overarching cultural change can occur. Typically, change begins at the formative stage as a positive growth force in need of development, evolves into a complex, diverse model of culture, and finally at the point of maturation, often becomes dysfunctional. It is at this point that the leader-usually the entrepreneur - is most crucial, often turning to various change models as a means of sustaining the company. Though the leader's role in cultural formation shifts, such purposeful, foundational change in an organization only occurs rarely in mature companies and under effective leadership. In sum, cultural leadership - and especially the role of the cultural manager - needs to be assessed more clearly in light of the organization's rapidly changing internal and external environment. (CJC)
13,246 citations
Book•
12 Feb 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the literature in business research and discuss the nature of qualitative and quantitative research, and break down the quantitative/qualitative divide by combining quantitative and qualitative research.
Abstract: PART 1 1. Business research strategies 2. Research designs 3. Planning a research project and formulating research questions 4. Getting Started: reviewing the literature 5. Ethics in business research PART 2 6. The nature of quantitative research 7. Sampling 8. Structured interviewing 9. Self-completion questionnaires 10. Asking questions 11. Structured observation 12. Content analysis 13. Secondary analysis and official statistics 14. Quantitative data analysis 15. Using SPSS for Windows PART 3 16. The nature of qualitative research 17. Ethnography and participant observation 18. Interviewing in qualitative research 19. Focus groups 20. Language in qualitative research 21. Documents as sources of data 22. Qualitative data analysis 23. Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis: Using NVivo PART 4 24. Breaking down the quantitative/qualitative divide 25. Combining quantitative and qualitative research 26. Internet research methods 27. Writing up business research
10,472 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: The Research Act as discussed by the authors is a textbook for methods courses and a major contribution to sociological theory, which teaches students the principles of research and how to construct and test theories by presenting four major approaches to experimentation: survey research, participant observation, life histories, and symbolic interaction.
Abstract: At once a unique textbook for methods courses and a major contribution to sociological theory, this book teaches students the principles of research and how to construct and test theories. It brings coherence to the study of methods by presenting four major approaches to experimentation: survey research, participant observation, life histories, and unobtrusive measures from a single theoretical point of view, symbolic interaction. It demonstrates the need for a synthesis between theory and methods, and shows how different methods limit and aff ect research results.Denzin's argues that no single method, theory, or observer can capture all that is relevant or important in reality. He argues for the use of triangulation and for a view of theory and methods as "concept sensitizers." His approach enables sociologists to acquire specifi c facts about a particular situation while simultaneously elevating these to the level of shared meaning.The author shows students how to proceed with research, bringing sharply into focus the possibilities and their limitations. Since his view is integrated rather than eclectic, this is much more than a "how to do it" manual. Denzin points out aspects of research that fall outside the scope of a given method yet aff ect results, and emphasizes the need to employ several methods to cross-check each other. The Research Act covers all the content of conventional methods courses. The presentation is exciting and imaginative, and provides a thorough review of major sociological methods, a cogent statement about approaches to sociological inquiry, and a source from which a understanding of the problems of research can be derived.
8,572 citations
Book•
01 Dec 1991
TL;DR: This book focuses on the development of understanding through study of language and representation in the context of a large-scale ontological inquiry.
Abstract: Introduction: A Sense of Things to Come. 1. Meeting Qualitative Inquiry. 2. Prestudy Tasks: Doing What Is Good for You. 3. Being There: Developing Understanding Through Participant Observation. 4. Making Words Fly: Developing Understanding Through Interviewing. 5. Personal Dimensions: Field Relations and Reflexivity. 6. But Is It Ethical? Considering What's "Right". 7. Finding Your Story: Data Analysis. 8. Crafting Your Story: Writing Up Qualitative Data. 9. Improvising a Song of the World: Language and Representation. 10. The Continuing Search. Glossary of Key Terms. Appendix: Guide for Developing a Qualitative Research Proposal. References. Name Index. Subject Index.
8,273 citations