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Particle horizon
About: Particle horizon is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2096 publications have been published within this topic receiving 69137 citations.
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TL;DR: In this article, it is suggested that the limitation or confinement of an allowed spectrum is relevant in order to compute all the fundamental forces and that for unification, the radiation spectrum provides momentum space alterations to generate energy gradients.
Abstract: The quest to unify the four fundamental forces has been sought after for decades but has remained elusive to all physicists. The first clues to unification were given when information horizons were associated to radiation by Unruh and Hawking. This was then extended to be a discrete spectrum in nature by McCulloch. Here, it is suggested that the limitation, or confinement, of an allowed spectrum is relevant in order to compute all the fundamental forces. The maximum spectrum is defined by the size of the cosmic particle horizon and the Planck length. Notably, all fundamental forces can be computed by using the same core equation and can be extended to reflect the different information horizons and particle interaction scenarios. This result suggests that for unification, the radiation spectrum provides momentum space alterations to generate energy gradients. The force derivatives of the energy fields indicate numerical convergence to the observed fundamental forces.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors suggest that 8π may be a reflection of the temporal properties of an implicit solenoid-like spatial structure that will ultimately be manifested quite differently as the temporal boundary of the universe is approached.
Abstract: The prominence of 8π in cosmological solutions regarding the structure of space might be accommodated by factors other than the presence of mass. When the total set is considered a LC (inductance-capacitance) circuit, the “time constant” differs from Planck’s time by a factor of 8π which satisfies the numbers of turns (N) within the geometry of a universal solenoid. The calculated separation between two concentric spherical Casimir boundaries whose energies and pressures define the current universe is ~54 μm. If the volume of the universe was held constant the linear distance of this extraordinarily flat space would require the hypothetical entanglement velocity (~10 23 m·s -1 ) continuing until the final epoch (~10 18 s) of the universe to be integrated into a singular entity. We suggest that 8π may be a reflection of the temporal properties of an implicit solenoid-like spatial structure that will ultimately be manifested quite differently as the temporal boundary of the universe is approached. Two perspectives emerge. The first reflects the topological properties of a line that become the second derivative of the surface of a sphere. The second is the shape would be extraordinarily flat.
3 citations
01 Jul 1980
TL;DR: In this article, the cosmological constant λ(n) was introduced to measure the rest mass of all neutrino species as well as the age of the universe for the Friedmann universe, contrary to the age observed for the oldest stars in the Galaxy.
Abstract: Recent measurements of the spectrum of tritium decay electrons in the USSR suggest that electronic neutrinos may have a rest energy m/sub ..nu../c/sup 2/approx. =30 eV. Primordial neutrinos would then make a major contribution to the mean density of matter in the universe, enough for the universe to be closed. If future reactor and accelerator experiments should reveal that muonic and tau neutrinos have a mass of the same order, then one would infer an age of less than 10/sup 10/ yr for the Friedmann universe, contrary to the age observed for the oldest stars in the Galaxy. The contradiction can be removed by introducing the cosmological constant ..lambda... Conversely, measuring the rest mass of all neutrino species as well as the age of the universe would afford a unique opportunity to evaluate ..lambda...
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the evolution of the dark energy in the open universe under the framework of the χCDM model and show that it was in the state of negative energy and positive pressure at the early stage of evolution.
Abstract: In this paper we discuss the evolution of the dark energy in the open universe under the framework of the χCDM model. It is showed that the dark energy in the open universe, which drives the universe accelerating, had strange evolution behaviors: it was in the state of negative energy and positive pressure at the early stage of evolution of the dark energy, then evolved into the phase of negative energy and negative pressure during the middle period, and evolved to have the typical features of dark energy (positive energy and negative pressure) only at the later stage.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the very early classical universe might not be radiation-dominated, although they do not exclude the existence of the radiation dominated phase for the early, but not the early Universe.
Abstract: The equation of state of the very early Universe and the formula for the radius, are here evaluated. It is shown that the very early classical Universe might not be radiation-dominated, although we do not exclude the existence of the radiation dominated phase for the early, but not the very early Universe.
3 citations