Showing papers on "Particulates published in 1975"

Separation of total particulate carbon into inorganic and organic components1

Abstract: A combination of particulate carbon analysis and a baking procedure to remove organic matter is proposed for separating total particulate carbon into inorganic and organic components. Changes in weight and carbonate-carbon content were tested on powdered, anhydrous CaCO3 at 500° and 550°C and baking durations up to 7 h; the method was applied to field samples of particulate matter in seawater and microplankton net samples. The method is potentially useful for separating the carbon components, especially in coral reef environments or in calcium carbonate enriched sediments.

The Changing global environment

Abstract: I / Overviews on Global Effects of Pollution.- Pollution Effects on Global Climate - An Introduction.- Climate Change and the Influence of Man's Activities on the Global Environment.- Environmental Effects of Energy Production.- II / Chemical Balance of Gases in the Earth's Atmosphere.- The Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Balance in the Earth's Atmosphere.- Impact of Land and Sea Pollution on the Chemical Stability of the Atmosphere.- The Dependence of Atmospheric Temperature on the Concentration of Carbon Dioxide.- Exchange of CO2 Between Atmosphere and Sea Water: Possible Enzymatic Control of the Rate.- The Global Balance of Carbon Monoxide.- Gaseous Atmospheric Pollutants from Urban and Natural Sources.- Global Stratospheric Effects of Supersonic Transports.- III / Effects of Atmospheric Pollution on Climate.- Climatic Effects of Atmospheric Pollution.- A Reassessment of Atmospheric Pollution as a Cause of Long-Term Changes of Global Temperature.- Cloudiness and the Radiative, Convective Equilibrium.- The Inadvertent Modification of the Atmosphere by Air Pollution.- Man-Made Climatic Changes.- The Upward Trend in Airborne Particulates that Isn't.- IV / Worldwide Ocean Pollution by Toxic Wastes.- Man's Role in the Major Sedimentary Cycle.- DDT in the Biosphere: Where Does It Go?.- Biological Implications of Global Marine Pollution.- Interactions Between Oceans and Terrestrial Ecosystems.- V / Nitrogen Compounds in Soil, Water, Atmosphere and Precipitation.- Threats to the Integrity of the Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen Compounds in Soil, Water, Atmosphere and Precipitation.- The Dynamics of Nitrogen Transformations in the Soil.- Nitrogen Compounds Used in Crop Production.- Man-Induced Eutrophication of Lakes.- About the Authors.- Index of Names.- Index of Subjects.

Composition of Atmospheric Particulate Matter from the Eruption of Heimaey, Iceland

Abstract: The chemical composition of atmospheric particulate matter and rock samples collected on the island of Heimaey after the January 1973 eruption indicates that volcanic activity is a possible source ...

Thermal Analyses of the Los Angeles Smog Aerosol.

Abstract: It has been shown by earlier studies on the formation of the Los Angeles smog aerosol, that a significant fraction of the particulate matter in the visible size range is made by secondary gas-particle conversion processes, and that it consists mainly of liquid matter. In this study the volatility was studied quantitatively by heating the smog aerosol up to 250°C and simultaneously measuring the scattering coefficient using a nephelometer and the change of size distribution by an optical counter. The thermal analyses revealed that 50–80% of the submicron aerosol mass is volatile at 220°C. Inspection of the shapes of thermo-nephelograms (bscat vs temperature) also revealed that photochemically formed aerosols have distinctly different thermo-nephelograms than those obtained on humid “hazy” days. Thus it is suggested that thermal analyses may at least in some instances provide the means of on-line monitoring the origin of the ambient aerosol.

A Reassessment of Atmospheric Pollution as a Cause of Long-Term Changes of Global Temperature

Abstract: Two globally extensive forms of atmospheric pollution (carbon dioxide and particulate loading) are each considered from the viewpoint of long-term changes in their total abundance, and the impact of such changes on the equilibrium temperature of the Earth.

Particulates in domestic premises. II. Ambient levels and indoor-outdoor relationships.

Abstract: Three indoor environments, two residential and on institutional, were monitored for particulate and gaseous air pollutants over a one-year period. Inside air particulate levels decreased at night and under conditions of no household activity. Different homes showed different time lags in correlating inside vs outside particle counts. Indoor particle count reduction correlated to rate of air flow through the precipitator. The standard, portable household vacuum cleaner produced about a 100% increase in counts of particles measuring 1.0 mum and larger, as compared to a 50% increase produced by the central vacuum system. Particulates that were smaller than 1.0 mum were not substantially affected by smoking. The indoor gaseous pollutants showed very low maximum levels.

Feeding particulate matter

Abstract: The invention relates to the feeding of finely divided particulate matter in a fluidized state from a source to a plurality of discharge points wherein discrete quantities of particulate matter are discharged by suitable feeding devices. In more detail, the invention comprises a primary air activated gravity conveyor and a plurality of secondary air activated gravity conveyors leading away from the primary conveyor to direct particulate matter to the feeding units associated with each secondary conveyor. The primary and secondary conveyors are maintained full of fluidized particulate matter at all times.

Outdoor surface compositions

Abstract: An outdoor surface composition for surfacing outdoor playing areas or other utility areas comprises a mixture of particulate reclaimed rubber and inorganic particulate solids, such as sand, mixed together and compacted in a particular weight ratio, with each of the components having a designated particle size range. The amount and particle size range of both the reclaimed rubber and the inorganic particulate solids are important in obtaining a composition which is water-pervious for adequate drainage, shock absorbent, resistant to shear under average athletic playing conditions, and compaction resistant. For some applications, organic particulate solids, such as wood chips, peat, manure or cinders, may be included with the composition.

Industrial Air Pollution Control Equipment for Particulates

Abstract: The fundamentals and design principles of industrial control equipment for particulate air pollutants are described. The five basic devices available for controlling the discharge of particulates into the atmosphere--gravity settlers, centrifugal separators, electrostatic precipitators, wet scrubbers, and fabric filters--are discussed in depth. The design of each is considered from both a theoretical and practical viewpoint.

Trace element composition in atmospheric particulates during 1973 and the summer of 1974 at Chadron, Nebraska

Abstract: Air was collected continuously on filters in northwestern Nebraska during 1973 and the summer of 1974 and the particulate matter was analyzed for Ag, Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb, Tl, and Zn. Noticeable and consistent seasonal differences were evident in aerosol Al, Mn, and Pb. Those metals found in aerosol particulates are largely soil derived if their concentrations are likewise high in the soil. Conversely, aerosol metals are more likely to be associated with anthropogenic sources if their concentrations are low in the soil. Aerosol Pb appears to be largely derived from the combustion of leaded gasoline, but the aerosol sources of Ag and Cd are more difficult to document. The data will serve to monitor any changes in air quality as additional coal-fired power plants are constructed at upwind locations.

Hydraulic solids handling system

Abstract: An apparatus for receiving solids, fluids, slurries, and discharging a slurry stream which has a controlled particulate matter content including a tank with an inlet for passing the above into the tank. A slurry withdrawal region is located in the lower portion of the tank which is in fluid communication with a slurry apparatus including a pump. A plate is mounted above the slurry withdrawal region to restrict the movement of particulate matter into the region. A plurality of liquid jets is positioned around the slurry withdrawal region to fluidize the particulate matter in the withdrawal region.

Observations on particulate and dissolved organic matter in coral reef areas

Abstract: Data are presented on the particulate and dissolved organic carbon at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific and of particulate organic carbon at South Caicos in the Caribbean. Some data from other locales are included for comparison. Proportionate increases are greater for the particulate matter released from off reefs than for the dissolved; in fact, the net flux of dissolved matter is sometimes negative. Particulate matter, in this case of the size and kinds retained on micro-filters, is dominated by fragments and amorphous material of mixed origins. Phytoplankton is sparse in such environments.

Primary and secondary particulates as pollutants. A literature review

Abstract: This article discusses primary and secondary particulates with respect to their size distribution, origin, and chemical composition. Primary particulates are particles that are injected directly into the atmosphere. Usually their sizes are within the range 1 to 20 jum. Common sources are windblown soil, industrial emissions, and combustion systems. Examples of typical primary particulates are soot, pollen, fly ash, and dust. Secondary particulates are relatively small; their size range is 0.01 to 1.0 nm. They can be generally classified as sulfates, nitrates, or hydrocarbons. Secondary particulates are formed as a result of atmospheric reactions involving gaseous species such as SO2, NO*, O2, NH3, H2O, and hydrocarbons. The proposed mechanisms for a number of these reactions are outlined and their relative importance is discussed. The impact of both primary and secondary particulates on health and esthetics is also discussed.

Particulate organic carbon and nitrogen in the eastern pacific ocean

Abstract: Particulate organic carbon and nitrogen in sea water were measured in samples collected along a line 155°W; 50° N-15°S, during the cruise of R.V. “Hakuho-Maru” (KH-69-4). High concentrations of particulate matter were generally found at or near the sea surface; the concentrations decreased rapidly with depth. A consistent minimum was located in the depth range 150 to 250 m through the entire section sampled. The subsurface maximum layers roughly coincided with the chlorophyll maximum, but several irrregularities were noted. One of the most remarkable features of the vast stratum below 200 m depth was the presence of distinctively regional variation in concentration of particulate material through the entire section. In the section, we could define at least 6 large water parcels, vertically oriented, all with significantly different concentrations of both carbon and nitrogen. Variation in the deep water ranged from less than 5 μgC/l to more than 50 μgC/l. Correlation analysis between carbon concentration and apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) of ambient water for all samples showed that the carbon from particle-poor water parcels consistently decreased with increasing AOU, levelling to a practically constant low of around 5 to 10 μgC/l, whereas the carbon from particle-rich parcels was anomalously high (10 to 50 μgC/l) in the range of high AOU, and showed no consistent trend of convergence. The intergrated amount of particulate carbon in the total water column at each station was in the range 20 to 150 gC/m2. More than 90% of this total amount was in the water column below 200 m depth, and the correlation of total amount of particulate material between the surface layer (0 to 200 m) and the water column below 200 m depth was highly significant. These observations are considered to indicate that the downward transport of these materials may be much quicker than so far estimated, at least in some localized areas.

Feeding device for particulate matter

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and device for accurately feeding discrete quantities of pulverulent material in a repetitive manner. The invention is advantageously employed in feeding particulate matter to a gas-solids contacting apparatus which is under positive pressure and particularly such apparatus which treat the fluoride containing off-gases from an aluminum reduction cell with particulate alumina to remove fluorides from such off-gases.

The Upward Trend in Airborne Particulates That Isn’t

Abstract: Diverse data relating to natural and anthropogenic particulate emissions and trends in atmospheric turbidity are reviewed. It is estimated that man now contributes 13.6% of the 3.5 × 109 tons of primary and secondary particulates presently emitted to the atmosphere annually.

Hydrocarbon recovery system

Abstract: A system for the recovery of the vaporizable constituents of a particulate, hydrocarbon-containing composite. A suitable source material is continuously conveyed into the system through an air entry prevention means and submitted to at least one heating by a molten heat transfer material contained in a chamber surrounding the conveyor transporting the particulate composite. The vaporized products released from the particulate composite, when heated, are collected in at least one products recovery means and are condensed and separated into respective gaseous and liquid components. The particulate composite is then conveyed from the molten heat transfer liquid which is also an exit air seal, cooled, and then discarded in a conventional member.

Endonasal localization of blood borne viable and non viable particulate matter

Abstract: Most of the mutilating granulomatous diseases encountered by dermatologists tend to involve the nasal mucosa. Endonasal localization of lupus vulgaris occurs in the majority of cases (Forchammer, 1911; Degos, 1953; Horwitz, 1966). Lepromatous leprosy usually involves the nasal mucosa; thus Dharmendra & Sen (1948) in a study of 4072 cases of leprosy found that 92% of nasal scrapings from patients with lepromatous leprosy were positive for acid fast bacilli. Job, Karat & Karat (1966) and McDougall, et al. (1975) found heavy bacillary infiltration and phagocytosis by endothelial cells and perivascular macrophages of the anterior septum and inferior turbinates. Whatever the route of inoculation in the experimental mouse, the nasal mucosa eventually became heavily infected (Rees, McDougall & Weddell, 1974). Of 1238 bedouin patients from the Syrian desert seen by Hudson (1958) with bejel, 695 had mutilating lesions of the centre of the face. Similar cases with eroded noses were recently reported from Kuwait (Kanan, Abbas & Girgis, 1971). In mucocutaneous leishmaniasis the nasal septum and nasopharynx are frequently attacked and other important diseases similarly affecting the nose are syphilis, yaws, rhinosporidiosis, paracoccidioidomycosis and rhinoscleroma (Kanan & Ryan, 1974). Paraense (1952) and Kanan (1975) reported endonasal involvement in guinea pigs inoculated with Leishmania enriettii. Cream (1974) has noted septum perforation in several of his series of patients with cryoglobulinaemia. Nasal septal perforation has also been a subject of correspondence as an early sign of lupus er5rthematosus (Simpson, 1974). Wegener's granulomatosis and lethal midline granuloma are the best recognized forms of mutilating vasculitis affecting the nose. The reason why the nose is selected in this way is the subject of some debate. It is clearly important to find out why organisms that are so often disseminated by the nose should tend to collect and even thrive there. The nasal mucosa as a portal of entry for micro-organisms has been investigated by many workers. McMahon (1933) showed that colloidal carbon particles in suspension cannot penetrate the intact ciliated or squamous epithelium of the turbinates of the rabbit in spite of repeated frequent instillation over a period of 30 min to 6 h. But, Linton (1933) demonstrated that a sufficiently virulent strain of streptococcus haemolyticus is able to penetrate the normal mucosa without assistance in guinea-pigs and rabbits, providing the dosage is adequate. The work of Cannon & Walsh (1937), however, showed that virulent staphylococci, when instilled intranasally into normal rabbits and guinea-pigs, do not pass directly through the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract but are aspirated into the lungs and thence enter the blood stream. The endonasal route is not thought by most authors studying the diseases mentioned above to be the most likely portal of entry. In lupus vulgaris, although Dowling & Wetherly-Mein (1954) believed that a considerable number of the lesions follow primary exogenous implantation of tubercle bacilli in the skin, Horwitz (1959, 1966) believed that it developed frequently as a result of haematogenous dissemination, a primary complex being present in another organ. Chest X-rays of 201 patients with lupus vulgaris as the only active tuberculous disease showed that sixty-six of them (33%) had pulmonary calcifications and another eleven patients showed fibrotic lesions of tuberculous origin. In leprosy irrespective of the portal of entry it has been shown repeatedly that at some point in the disease acid fast bacillaemia has been a significant feature (Rivas, 1912; Crow, 1912; Honeij, 1915; Hollman, 1916; Rhodes-Jones, 1963). Recently Drutz, Chen & Lu Wen-Hsiang (1972) have convincingly demonstrated acid fast bacillaemia in twenty-five out of thirty-two patients with leprosy.

Acoustic observations of suspended participate matter in the ocean

Abstract: CLOUDS of suspended particulate matter in the ocean have been observed by satellite1, sensed by nephelometers2, and sampled by water bottles. We present here evidence that it may be possible to observe oceanic suspended particulate matter acoustically. The particulate matter discussed is thought to have arisen from a dredging operation. It is also thought that the suspended matter is present at lower concentrations than any in any other case recorded acoustically3. Certain questions, as yet unresolved, regarding acoustic scattering strengths are also discussed.

Method for loading finely divided particulate matter into a vessel

Abstract: A method for loading finely divided particulate matter into a vessel for the purpose of increasing the packing density by introducing a fluid medium counter-current to the downward flow of the finely divided particulate matter at a velocity selected to maximize the apparent bulk density of the particulate matter in the vessel.

Apparatus for collecting industrial vapors and particulate matter

Abstract: The vapor and particulate matter emitting equipment is enclosed within walls of an electrostatically charged clear plastic sheet material. The enclosures are connected at their tops to hoods which are connected to ducting leading to an exhaust fan. The vapors are contained within the enclosures until they can be evacuated by the fan. The particulate matter is attracted to the electrostatically charged sheet material.

Automatic cleaning of sensing probes

Abstract: A method for cleaning the sensing probes in a water quality momitoring apparatus, when the probes become coated with a build-up of slime, algae or particulate matter, which comprises the steps of continuously removing particulate matter from the body of the liquid, moving a part of the body of liquid into a confined zone surrounding the probe and applying ultrasonic energy to the confined liquid to remove deposits of foreign matter from the surface of the probe and the liquid confining surface areas.