Showing papers on "Particulates published in 1983"
TL;DR: Particulate emissions collected from dilution tubes on filter media appear to be representative of what is emitted in the environment as based upon a comparison of highway and laboratory studies.
Abstract: Representative dilution tube sampling techniques for particulate and gas phase vehicle emissions are described using Teflon filter media and XAD-2 resin. More than 90% of the total gas (C8-C18) and particulate direct acting Ames assay mutagenicity (TA 98) was found in the particulate phase. The gas and particulate phase material was fractionated by HPLC into nonpolar, moderately polar and highly polar chemical fractions. The moderately polar chemical fraction of the particulates contained more than 50% of the direct acting Ames assay mutagenicity for the total extract. The concentration of oxygenated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAH) and nitrated PAH (nitro-PAH) identified in the moderately polar particulate fractions are given. Nitro-PAH account for most of the direct-acting (TA 98) Ames assay mutagenicity in these moderately polar fractions. Reactions and kinetic expressions for chemical conversion of PAH are presented. Chemical conversion of PAH to nitro-PAH during dilution tube sampling of particulates on Teflon filters and gases on XAD-2 resin is a minor problem (representing 10-20%, on the average, of the 1-nitropyrene found in extracts) at short (46 min) sampling times, at low sampling temperatures (42 degrees C), and in diluted exhaust containing 3 ppm NO2. Particulate emissions collected from dilution tubes on filter media appear to be representative of what is emitted in the environment as based upon a comparison of highway and laboratory studies.
466 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the concentration of dissolved 230Th and231Pa in sediment traps deployed in the Sargasso Sea (Site S2), the north equatorial Atlantic (site E), and the northern equatorial Pacific (Site P) as well as in particles collected by in situ filtration at Site E.
243 citations
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: Particulate carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were determined in the Atlantic, Indian, and Antarctic oceans and the Mediterranean Sea as mentioned in this paper, and the slopes of the regression lines between POC and PON (mean value = 5.6 by atoms) vary P lines in the region.
Abstract: Particulate carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were determined in the Atlantic, Indian, and Antarctic oceans and the Mediterranean Sea. Although the regions differ in their hydrology, the slopes of the regression lines between POC and PON (mean value = 5.6 by atoms) vary P lines in the region. Below the euphotic layer the particle content falls off strongly, but there is no important change in the slopes of the regression lines, which are close to the Redfield ratios. The percentage of refractory carbonaceous material increases with depth. The regional variations are lower than in surface waters.
193 citations
TL;DR: A model of the atmospheric cycle of particulate elemental carbon which includesthese factors has been used to estimate the range of atmospheric lifetimes expected under variousconditions as mentioned in this paper, which ranges from under 40 hours in rainy climates to well over 1 week in clean, dry regions.
Abstract: Particulate elemental carbon is found in the atmosphere in both urban and remote regions and isoften responsible for much of the absorption of solar radiation by atmospheric aerosols. Itsatmospheric lifetime is controlled by four factors: the initial size distribution, the concentrationof ambient particles, the frequency and duration of precipitation, and the efficiencies of removalmechanisms. A model of the atmospheric cycle of particulate elemental carbon which includesthese factors has been used to estimate the range of atmospheric lifetimes expected under variousconditions. Calculated lifetimes range from under 40 hours in rainy climates to well over 1 weekin clean, dry regions. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1983.tb00027.x
186 citations
TL;DR: Measurements of particle concentrations in the near-surface water and of particle fluxes in the deep water of the Sargasso Sea show a close coupling between the two for biogenic components, intimately linked to the rapid downward transport of organic matter.
Abstract: Concurrent measurements of particle concentrations in the near-surface water and of particle fluxes in the deep water of the Sargasso Sea show a close coupling between the two for biogenic components. The concentrations of suspended matter appear to follow an annual cycle similar to that of primary production and deepwater particle flux. Although the concentration of particulate aluminum in the surface water appears to vary randomly with respect to that cycle, the removal of aluminum to deep water is intimately linked to the rapid downward transport of organic matter.
182 citations
TL;DR: An integrated chemical/microbiological investigation is described, directed toward identifying the nature of direct-acting mutagens found in extracts of diesel and ambient POM, as well as those formed upon exposure of environmentally relevant PAH to simulated natural and polluted atmospheres.
Abstract: The growing use of coal for heating and electric power generation and diesel engines in light duty motor vehicles will increase not only the existing atmospheric concentrations of criteria pollutan...
174 citations
01 Jan 1983
164 citations
120 citations
91 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the major mutagens in diesel particulate extracts are in all probability 1,6- and 1,8-dinitropyrene (DNP) and 3-nitrofluoranthene (NF).
Abstract: The direct-acting mutagens in diesel particulate extracts were identified. It is concluded that the major mutagens are in all probability 1,6- and 1,8-dinitropyrene (DNP). 1-Nitropyrene (NP) and 3-nitrofluoranthene (NF) were also present. The DNP isomers contributed 43% of the total mutagenic activity of the crude extracts, whereas 1-NP (or 3-NF) was responsible for less than 10% of the activity. The quantities of 1,6- and 1,8-DNP were 1.2 and 3.4 ppm of the crude extracts, respectively, and the induction of both DNPs in the diesel particulate matter corresponded to about 1.7–4.8% by weight of the 1-NP content (70.5 ppm in the crude extracts).
88 citations
TL;DR: Biological tests have shown that a significant part of the mutagenicity of organic extracts of collected airborne particulate matter is not due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Biological tests have shown that a significant part of the mutagenicity of organic extracts of collected airborne particulate matter is not due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). It is poss...
TL;DR: A time-series sediment trap was used to collect material for organic geochemical analyses as part of the Sediment Trap Intercomparison Experiment as discussed by the authors, where Amino acid and lipid components were measured in the samples.
TL;DR: In this paper, atmospheric aerosol samples collected simultaneously on four different filter media support the hypothesis that reflectance, as measured by the British smoke method, is controlled by the optical absorption coefficient of the aerosol.
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: Sediment trap experiments using the lipid biomarker approach were undertaken in the Peru coastal upwelling region to answer three main questions concerning the sources, transport and transformation of organic matter.
Abstract: Sediment trap experiments using the lipid biomarker approach were undertaken in the Peru coastal upwelling region to answer three main questions concerning the sources, transport and transformation of organic matter in upwelling regimes. 1. How does the temporal and spatial variability of the vertical flux and composition of particulate matter change as it sinks to the sediment surface? 2. How suitable are the various lipids incorporated into the sedimentary record as indicators of the paleoenvironment of deposition? This involves a determination of how much of these compounds survive biological degradation in the water column and surface sediments. 3. What is the relationship between the organic matter composition of sinking particulate material and biological processes in the water column? The composition and vertical fluxes of the steroid class compounds are used as an example of how these questions may be answered.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report on particulate and dissolved 210 Pb profiles at 16 stations, and on total 210 PB profiles at 3 stations, all occupied during the Pacific GEOSECS expedition.
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of lead antiknock regulations on gasoline Aromatics and Aromatic Exhaust Emissions is discussed. But the authors focus on the role of lead compounds and lead compounds in a vehicle's exhaust emissions.
Abstract: Catalytic Control of Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions.- Polycyclic Organic Matter in the Atmosphere, POM Concentrations in the Netherlands.- PAH Content of Exhaust Gases from Fuels with Different Aromatic Fraction.- The Aromatic Sextet.- Effect of Lead Antiknock Regulations on Gasoline Aromatics and Aromatic Exhaust Emissions.- The Toxicology of Polycyclic Organic Matter from Exhaust Gases.- Automotive Lead Traps: Potential under Canadian Conditions.- Carcinogenic Impact from Automobile Exhaust Condensate and the Dependence of the PAH-Profile on Various Parameters.- Recent Advances in Epa'S Monitoring and Methods Development Research.- Standardisation Aspects in PAH/POM Analysis.- Public Health Aspects of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Belgium and Reflections on the Problem Related to the PAH in Exhaust Gases.- The PAH-Emission of Spark Ignition Engines.- Evaluation of Motor Vehicle and other Combustion Emissions using Short-Term Genetic Bioassays.- Passenger Car PAH Emissions as a Function of Engine Displacement, Fuel, and Driving Cycle.- Actions of the European Communities in the Domain of Air Pollution Caused by Hydrocarbons.- Comparison of NITRO-Aromatic Content and Direct-Acting Mutagenicity of Passenger Car Engine Emissions.- The Influence of Fuel Composition on PAH-Emission a Methodical Consideration.- Environmental Carcinogens - Selected Methods of Analysis: Iarc Manual Series including POM Measurements.- Biologically Active NITRO-PAH Compounds in Extracts of Diesel Exhaust Particulate.- Vehicle Emission Controls and Energy - the Role of Aromatics and Lead Compounds.- Mechanisms of PAH Formation and Destruction in Flames Relation to Organic Particulate Emissions.- PAH Emission from Various Sources and their Evolution over the Last Decades.- The Identification and Potential Sources of Nitrated Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (NITRO-PAH) in Diesel Particulate Extracts.- Trends in Transportation Fuels.- Modern PAH-Analysis and Fate of PAH in Air.- The Rational Utilisation of Fuels in Private Transport (Rufit) - Extrapolation to Unleaded Gasoline Case, Report 8/80.- Summary Chapter-NATO Advanced Research Workshop-Mobile Source Emissions including Polycyclic Organic Species.- Author Index.
01 Feb 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a thermal and catalytic technique for regenerating particulate traps was assessed, and the thermal technique used a burner which heated engine exhaust to the ignition temperature of the particulates to achieve over 90% regeneration effectiveness.
Abstract: Thermal and catalytic techniques for regenerating particulate traps were assessed. The thermal technique used a burner which heated engine exhaust to the ignition temperature of the particulates to achieve over 90% regeneration effectiveness. HC, CO and particulate emissions resulting from combustion of particulates and burner exhaust were 25 to 50% of the allowable vehicle emissions for one CVS cycle. The fuel consumed by the burner was 9% of the fuel consumed by a vehicle over one CVS cycle. Problems with burner nozzle clogging, ignition reliability, trap durability and control system requirements were identified. In the catalytic technique, diesel fuel containing .5 gm/gal lead and .25 gm/gal copper lowered the ignition temperature of the particulates by 425 deg F so that periodic regeneration occurred. The trap collected nearly all of the lead and copper resulting in limited trap life, and deposits on the engine fuel nozzles tended to increase HC emissions.
TL;DR: In this article, the South Pole and near Lake Vanda in the Wright Valley, Victoria Land, during November and December 1980, the concentration of gaseous ammonia and particulate ammonium ion was determined.
TL;DR: 1-Nitropyrene (1NP) has been detected in the particulate emissions from on-road vehicles during an experiment conducted at the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel on the Pennsylvania Turnpike, indicating that other, unidentified, direct-acting mutagens are responsible for on- road vehicular exhaust mutagenicities.
Abstract: 1-Nitropyrene (1NP) has been detected in the particulate emissions from on-road vehicles during an experiment conducted at the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel on the Pennsylvania Turnpike. 1NP emission rates and mutagenicities (Ames activities) of the emissions were determined for heavy-duty diesel trucks and for light-duty spark-ignition vehicles. The 1NP concentrations in the particulate extracts and also the 1NP emission rates are lower than would be predicted on the basis of laboratory dilution tunnel measurements either for diesels or for spark-ignition vehicles. 1NP accounts for very little of the on-road mutagenicity - indicating that other, unidentified, direct-acting mutagens are responsible for on-road vehicular exhaust mutagenicities. Recovery of 1NP from diesel particulate material appears to be independent of 1NP concentration and filter storage time at -80/sup 0/C prior to extraction.
TL;DR: It is found that the diesel particulate matter at Allegheny resembles that encountered in dilution-tube studies by all criteria studied and the mutagenicity of particulate emissions from heavy-duty diesels is several times that of emissions from gasoline-powered vehicles.
Abstract: Experiments were conducted in the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel of the Pennsylvania Turnpike in 1979 to evaluate bacterial mutagenicities of particulate emissions from heavy-duty diesels and gasoline-powered vehicles in highway operation. Filter samples were extracted with dichloromethane followed by acetonitrile. Ames assays with and without microsomal activation, HPLC fluorescence profiles, GC molecular weight distributions, and particle size distributions were obtained. We find that (1) the diesel particulate matter at Allegheny resembles that encountered in dilution-tube studies by all criteria studied (particulate mass emission rate, extractability, particle size, extract HPLC profile, extract molecular weight distribution, and mutagenicity--though these findings do not preclude the possibility of substantial differences in detailed chemical properties), (2) in revertants per microgram of dichloromethane-extracted material at Allegheny, the mutagenicities of the diesel particulate matter and of the local rural ambient particulate matter are of the same order of magnitude, and (3) in revertants per kilometer traveled, the mutagenicity of particulate emissions from heavy-duty diesels is several times (median approx.6 times) that of emissions from gasoline-powered vehicles.
Patent•
30 Aug 1983TL;DR: An apparatus for igniting the particulates trapped in a particulate filter (14) used with a diesel engine (10) supplied with fuel containing an agent for reducing the ignition temperature of the particulate as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An apparatus for igniting the particulates trapped in a particulate filter (14) used with a diesel engine (10) supplied with fuel containing an agent for reducing the ignition temperature of the particulates said apparatus monitoring physical operating parameters of the engine (10) and filter (14) and igniting said particulates when a predetermined concentration of particulates at which the particulates will undergo self-sustained combustion has accumulated in the filter (14).
01 Feb 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of an experiment, employing a burner method, of the effect on the damage of regeneration conditions of gas temperature, oxygen concentration, gas flow rate and amount of accumulated particulate, and discusses the regeneration conditions under which the filter is safely operated.
Abstract: Ceramic honeycomb filters performing diesel particulate trapping require regeneration by burning the subsequently accumulated particulate. During this regeneration, thermal failure occurs in some conditions. For developing a highly reliable system with this method, it is necessary to clarify the effects of various factors on the failure to optimize the regeneration conditions. This paper gives the results of an experiment, employing a burner method, of the effect on the damage of regeneration conditions of gas temperature, oxygen concentration, gas flow rate and amount of accumulated particulate, and discusses the regeneration conditions under which the filter is safely operated.
TL;DR: In this article, air quality measurements were made at three rural sites in the Ohio River Valley during the period May 1980-August 1981, and the monthly averages of O 3, NO 2 and gaseous and particulate sulfur were quite uniform from site to site and showed a strong annual pattern.
TL;DR: The solubility of 7 Be from air particulate matter in seawater was determined as a function of time as mentioned in this paper, and the adsorption of the thus solubilized 7 Be on a variety of substrates was investigated.
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: Anchoveta fecal material links production and sedimentation of particulate matter, including organic carbon, organic nitrogen and diatom frustules, in the Peruvian coastal upwelling ecosystem as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Anchoveta fecal material links production and sedimentation of particulate matter, including organic carbon, organic nitrogen and diatom frustules, in the Peruvian coastal upwelling ecosystem. Longterm fluctuations in anchoveta stock could, therefore, affect the quantity and composition of particulate matter input to the benthos and thereby to the sediment record.
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a model describing suspended matter as a mixture of a permanently suspended fraction, consisting of small/low density particles and a fraction consisting of larger/denser particles, derived from the bottom is presented.
Abstract: Details of the composition of suspended matter in seawater are interpreted by a model describing suspended matter as a mixture of a permanently suspended fraction, consisting of small/low density particles and a fraction consisting of larger/denser particles, derived from the bottom. These fractions have different settling velocities and different composition.
TL;DR: In this paper, a communication dealing specifically with suspended particulate matter and its constituents collected from three sampling stations: Gwaltoli, Beconganj and Raipurwa has been presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, an experiment in large (13 m3) cylinders with and without sediment has shown that dissolved Mn can be rapidly transferred to the particulate phase following a Skeletonema costatum bloom.
Abstract: An experiment in large (13 m3) cylinders with and without sediment has shown that dissolved Mn can be rapidly transferred to the particulate phase following a Skeletonema costatum bloom. Flocculent organic particulate matter derived from the bloom is implicated in the transfer processes. The kinetics of the phase transition arc first order with a rate constant of 5 x lo+* s-l. Deposition of particulate Mn was slower than the transfer rate to the particulate phase. Particulate Cu and Pb also increased following the bloom. The results suggest that the removal of Mn and certain other metals from the water column of the nearshore and open ocean may be associated with flocculent organic particles derived from phytoplankton. Deposition of Mn was more rapid in the microcosm with sediments than in the one without sediment, indicating that resuspension of sediments acts to increase Mn deposition rates.
TL;DR: In this paper, a generic coastal zone model is used to examine the magnitude of exchanges between particulate and dissolved metal phases during transport between the freshwater and deep marine environments, and the model is also used to compare global river discharges with metal accumulations in nearshore and pelagic sediments.
Abstract: This paper discusses the application of geochemical understanding of an estuarine and marginal sea environment to an assessment of marine contamination by trace metals. The estuaries and Gulf of St. Lawrence are used as an analogue of a section of the nearshore and continental shelf environment in which metal fluxes, in both dissolved and particulate form, can be estimated. Estuarine and nearshore removal of 99% of the particulate matter, >97% of the particulate Fe and Mn, and 25–50% of the Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, and Cd discharges are indicated. The dissolved Mn efflux is augmented slightly within the gulf. A generic coastal zone model is used to examine the magnitude of exchanges between particulate and dissolved metal phases during transport between the freshwater and deep marine environments. This model is also used to compare global river discharges with metal accumulations in nearshore and pelagic sediments. The current influxes of Zn and Cd to the ocean greatly exceed their rates of sedimentation. The imba...