Showing papers on "Particulates published in 2008"
TL;DR: A linear regression model of the carbonaceous particulate mass in the submicrometer size range CM(PM1) as a function of aerosol light absorption properties measured by the aethalometer is introduced, and results indicate that light absorption exponents of 1.8-1.9 for wood burning calculated from the light absorption at 470 and 950 nanometers should be used to obtain agreement of the two methods regarding the relative wood burning and traffic emission contributions.
Abstract: A source apportionment study was performed for particulate matter in the small village of Roveredo, Switzerland, where more than 70% of the households use wood burning for heating purposes. A two-lane trans-Alpine highway passes through the village and contributes to the total aerosol burden in the area. The village is located in a steep Alpine valley characterized by strong and persistent temperature inversions during winter, especially from December to February. During two winter and one early spring campaigns, a seven-wavelength aethalometer, high volume (HIVOL) samplers, an Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), an optical particle counter (OPC), and a Sunset Laboratory OCEC analyzer were deployed to study the contribution of wood burning and traffic aerosols to particulate matter. A linear regression model of the carbonaceous particulate mass in the submicrometer size range CM(PM1) as a function of aerosol light absorption properties measured by the aethalometer is introduced to estimate the particulate mass from wood burning and traffic (PM(wb), PM(traffic)). This model was calibrated with analyses from the 14C method using HIVOL filter measurements. These results indicate that light absorption exponents of 1.1 for traffic and 1.8-1.9 for wood burning calculated from the light absorption at 470 and 950 nanometers should be used to obtain agreement of the two methods regarding the relative wood burning and traffic emission contributions to CM(PM1) and also to black carbon. The resulting PM(wb) and PM(traffic) values explain 86% of the variance of the CM(PM1) and contribute, on average, 88 and 12% to CM(PM1), respectively. The black carbon is estimated to be 51% due to wood burning and 49% due to traffic emissions. The average organic carbon/total carbon (OC/TC) values were estimated to be 0.52 for traffic and 0.88 for wood burning particulate emissions.
590 citations
TL;DR: Although particulate matter emissions from industrial and residential combustion were different in many regards, picene was detected in all samples with detectable OC mass concentrations, which supports the use of this organic tracer for OC from all types of coal combustion.
Abstract: Particulate matter emissions from a series of different Chinese coal combustion systems were collected and analyzed for elemental and organic carbon (EC, OC), and molecular markers. Emissions from both industrial boilers and residential stoves were investigated. The coal used in this study included anthracite, bituminite, and brown coal, as well as commonly used coal briquettes produced in China for residential coal combustion. Results show significant differences in the contribution of carbonaceous species to particulate mass emissions. Industrial boilers had much higher burn out of carbon yielding particulate matter emissions with much lower levels of OC, EC, and speciated organic compounds, while residential stoves had significantly higher emissions of carbonaceous particulate matter with emission rates of approximately 100 times higher than that of industrial boilers. Quantified organic compounds emitted from industrial boilers were dominated by oxygenated compounds, of which 46−68% were organic acids...
423 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an automotive engine using anhydrous bioethanol blended with conventional diesel, with 10% ethanol in volume and no additives, has been compared with those from pure diesel, and the results proved that the use of this renewable component provides a significant reduction on particulate emissions, with no substantial increase in other gaseous emissions.
309 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the average ranges of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations and chemical composition in Spain show significant variations across the country, with current PM10 levels at several industrial and traffic hotspots exceeding recommended pollution limits.
303 citations
TL;DR: A sharp decrease was observed in both smoke and particulate matter emissions as the biodiesel concentration was increased, and the mean particle size was reduced with the biod diesel concentration, but no significant increases were found in the range of the smallest particles.
272 citations
TL;DR: Real-time measurements of submicrometer organic aerosol were performed using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) during three weeks at an urban background site in Zurich (Switzerland) in January 2006 and OOA estimates were strongly correlated with measured particulate ammonium.
Abstract: Real-time measurements of submicrometer aerosol were performed using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) during three weeks at an urban background site in Zurich (Switzerland) in January 2006. A hybrid receptor model which incorporates a priori known source composition was applied to the AMS highly time-resolved organic aerosol mass spectra. Three sources and components of submicrometer organic aerosols were identified: the major component was oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA), mostly representing secondary organic aerosol and accounting on average for 52-57% of the particulate organic mass. Radiocarbon (C-14) measurements of organic carbon (OC) indicated that similar to 31 and similar to 69% of OOA originated from fossil and nonfossil sources, respectively. OOA estimates were strongly correlated with measured particulate ammonium. Particles from wood combustion (35-40%) and 3-13% traffic-related hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) accounted for the other half of measured organic matter (OM). Emission ratios of modeled HOA to measured nitrogen oxides (NOx) and OM from wood burning to levoglucosan from filter analyses were found to be consistent with literature values.
266 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two different alcohol-derived biodiesel fuels: methyl ester and ethyl ester, both obtained from waste cooking oil, were tested pure and blended with a diesel reference fuel, which was tested too, in a 2.2l, common-rail injection diesel engine.
265 citations
TL;DR: Particular attention was paid to the partitioning of mineral matter and to the evidence of possible interactions of mineral matters with other pollutants (gaseous pollutants and secondary PM) in the period 2005-2006 as mentioned in this paper.
259 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the state of the atmosphere determines the development, transport, dispersion, and deposition of air pollutants, and there is concern that climate change could affect morbidity and mortality.
Abstract: ObjectiveBecause the state of the atmosphere determines the development, transport, dispersion, and deposition of air pollutants, there is concern that climate change could affect morbidity and mor
258 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured gas and particle-phase pollutants separately for light-duty (LD) vehicles and (b) medium-duty and heavy-duty diesel trucks, respectively, at the Caldecott Tunnel in the San Francisco Bay area.
252 citations
TL;DR: In Portugal, during summer 2003, unusually large forested areas (>300,000 ha) were destroyed by fire, emitting pollutants to the atmosphere as discussed by the authors, and aerosol samples were collected in the Aveiro region, and analysed for total mass and a set of inorganic and organic compounds, including tracers of biomass burning.
TL;DR: In this article, the emission measurements of gases, particulate matter (PM), metals, ions, elemental and organic carbon, conducted from the main engine of an ocean-going PanaMax class container vessel, at certification cycle and at vessel speed reduction mode, during actual operation at sea.
TL;DR: Results obtained for the urban area of Genoa (Italy) based on several hundred of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 daily samples collected in sites with different geo-morphological and urbanization characteristics are presented.
TL;DR: Bacterial biomarkers (D-amino acids and muramic acid) were measured in various organic matter size fractions collected in the North Pacific and North Atlantic, and they were used to quantitatively estimate bacterial contributions to particulate and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen reservoirs as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Bacterial biomarkers (D-amino acids and muramic acid) were measured in various organic matter size fractions collected in the North Pacific and North Atlantic, and they were used to quantitatively estimate bacterial contributions to particulate and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen reservoirs. The origins and yields of biomarkers were determined in cultured marine bacteria, and the results indicated that D-amino acids are derived from numerous macromolecules in addition to peptidoglycan and are not solely from peptidoglycan. Bacterial detritus was a major component of particulate organic matter (POM) and is an important source of submicronsize particles and colloids in the ocean. Peptidoglycan was a substantial component of POM but not of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Compositional differences between POM and DOM primarily reflected the selective incorporation of specific bacterial components into these reservoirs. Autotrophic and heterotrophic bacterial sources were not quantified separately, but the presence of D-aspartic acid (D-Asx) and D-serine (D-Ser) suggested that heterotrophic sources were substantial. The average reactivity of bacterial organic matter was comparable to that of the bulk organic carbon pool. Bacteria were important sources of labile, semilabile, and refractory dissolved organic carbon. Bacterial organic matter accounted for ~25% of particulate and dissolved organic carbon and ~50% of particulate and dissolved organic nitrogen. These results demonstrate the importance of bacteria in regulating the ocean carbon and nitrogen cycles.
TL;DR: It is indicated that a number of cities are severely polluted by particulates containing Ca, Cr, Ni, and Cu in both size fractions (TSP and PM10).
Abstract: Source apportionment studies of TSP (atmospheric particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters 2). The Al and Fe concentrations were not high enough for them to be considered contaminants.
TL;DR: The results suggested that vehicular PM2.5 emissions of organic compounds are less influenced by the geographic area and fleet composition and thereby are more suitable for use in aerosol source apportionment modeling implemented across extensive regions.
Abstract: Little is known about the characteristics of particulate matter emissions from vehicles in China, although such information is critical in source apportionment modeling, emission inventories, and health effect studies. In this paper, we report a comprehensive characterization of PM2.5 emissions in the Zhujiang Tunnel in the Pearl River Delta region of China. The chemical speciation included elemental carbon, organic carbon, inorganic ions, trace elements, and organic compounds. The emission factors of individual species and their relative distributions were obtained for a mixed fleet of heavy-duty vehicles (19.8%) and light-duty vehicles (80.2%). In addition, separate emission factors of PM2.5 mass, elemental carbon, and organic matter for heavy-duty vehicles and light-duty vehicles also were derived. As compared to the results of other tunnel studies previously conducted, we found that the abundances and distributions of the trace elements in PM2.5 emissions were more varied. In contrast, the characteris...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted laboratory experiments for batch combustion/burning of commercial polymeric materials, simulating conditions of open fire combustion, with the purpose to analyze their emissions for chemical characteristics of toxicological importance.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the lack of trends for xNO3 in air at least partly can be attributed to a shift in the equilibrium between nitric acid and ammonium nitrate towards particulate phase, caused by reductions in the sulfur dioxide emissions.
Clarkson University1, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation2, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission3, China National Nuclear Corporation4, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre5, Nuclear Energy Agency6, KAERI7, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission8, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute9, Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology10, Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission11, International Atomic Energy Agency12
TL;DR: The aim of this report is to provide an overview of the measurements of concentrations and composition of particulate air pollution in two size fractions across the participating countries.
01 Dec 2008
TL;DR: In this article, a plume evolution study conducted on one vessel showed conservation of particle light absorption, decrease in CN > 5 nm, increase in particle hygroscopicity, and an increase in average particle size with distance from emission.
Abstract: provide chemical and physical characteristics including sulfate (SO4� ) mass, organic matter (OM) mass, black carbon (BC) mass, particulate matter (PM) mass, number concentrations (condensation nuclei (CN) > 5 nm), and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Optical characterization included multiple wavelength visible light absorption and extinction, extinction relative humidity dependence, and single scatter albedo (SSA). The global contribution of shipping PM was calculated to be 0.90 Tg a � 1 , in good agreement with previous inventories (0.91 and 1.13 Tg a � 1 from Eyring et al. (2005a) and Wang et al. [2008]). Observed PM composition was 46% SO4� , 39% OM, and 15% BC and differs from inventories that used 81%, 14%, and 5% and 31%, 63%, and 6% SO4� , OM, and BC, respectively. SO4� and OM mass were found to be dependent on fuel sulfur content as were SSA, hygroscopicity, and CCN concentrations. BC mass was dependent on engine type and combustion efficiency. A plume evolution study conducted on one vessel showed conservation of particle light absorption, decrease in CN > 5 nm, increase in particle hygroscopicity, and an increase in average particle size with distance from emission. These results suggest emission of small nucleation mode particles that subsequently coagulate/condense onto larger BC and OM. This work contributes to an improved understanding of the impacts of ship emissions on climate and air quality and will also assist in determining potential effects of altering fuel standards.
TL;DR: In this article, the spectral properties of particulate and dissolved matter were determined for Lake Erie waters in order to investigate the natural variability of the absorption coefficients required as inputs to optical models for converting satellite observations of water colour into water quality information.
TL;DR: Results show that PM-stimulated in vitro ROS production was significantly positively correlated with the contributions from three sources: the iron source, the soil dust source and the water soluble carbon factor.
Abstract: Recent atmospheric particulate matter health studies have suggested that the redox activity is an important factor in particulate matter toxicology, and that reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity may be an important characteristic of particulate matter that is associated with adverse health effects. In this study, associations between atmospheric particulate matter sources and in vitro ROS activities are investigated. Ambient concentrations of fine particle water-soluble elements and total organic and elemental carbon were measured daily in Denver for the 2003 calendar year. The data were used in a multivariate factor analysis source apportionment model, positive matrix factorization (PMF), to determine the contributions of nine sources or factors: a mobile source factor, a water soluble carbon factor, a sulfate factor, a soil dust source, an iron source, two point sources characterized by water soluble toxic metals, a pyrotechnique factor, and a platinum group metal factor. Aqueous leachates, including ...
TL;DR: An on-line and an off-line version of a computationally efficient particulate matter source apportionment algorithm have been developed and compared using the three-dimensional chemical transport model PMCAMx as mentioned in this paper.
Earth System Research Laboratory1, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences2, University of Miami3, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration4, Eastman Kodak Company5, Georgia Institute of Technology6, New York University7, Norwegian Institute for Air Research8, Colorado State University9
TL;DR: In this article, ship and aircraft measurements of aerosol organic matter (OM) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were made in fresh and aged pollution plumes from major urban areas in the northeastern United States in the framework of the 2004 International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) study.
Abstract: [1] Ship and aircraft measurements of aerosol organic matter (OM) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were made in fresh and aged pollution plumes from major urban areas in the northeastern United States in the framework of the 2004 International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) study. A large part of the variability in the data was quantitatively described by a simple parameterization from a previous study that uses measured mixing ratios of CO and either the transport age or the photochemical age of the sampled air masses. The results suggest that OM was mostly due to secondary formation from anthropogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) precursors in urban plumes. Approximately 37% of the secondary formation can be accounted for by the removal of aromatic precursors using newly published particulate mass yields for low-NOx conditions, which are significantly higher than previous results. Of the secondary formation, 63% remains unexplained and is possibly due to semivolatile precursors that are not measurable by standard gas chromatographic methods. The observed secondary OM in urban plumes may account for 35% of the total source of OM in the United States and 8.5% of the global OM source. OM is an important factor in climate and air quality issues, but its sources and formation mechanisms remain poorly quantified.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the results of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5 and discussed the potential explanations for the model performance characteristics seen.
TL;DR: A positive association between long-term PM exposure and hematological markers of inflammation and MS-dependent susceptibility was revealed and supported the hypothesized MS- dependent susceptibility.
Abstract: BackgroundHuman data linking inflammation with long-term particulate matter (PM) exposure are still lacking. Emerging evidence suggests that people with metabolic syndrome (MS) may be a more suscep...
TL;DR: In this article, an extensive airborne characterization of aerosol downwind of a massive bovine source in the San Joaquin Valley (California) on two flights during July 2007 is reported.
Abstract: We report an extensive airborne characterization of aerosol downwind of a massive bovine source in the San Joaquin Valley (California) on two flights during July 2007. The Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter probed chemical composition, particle size distribution, mixing state, sub- and supersaturated water uptake behavior, light scattering properties, and the interrelationship between these parameters and meteorology. Total PM_(1.0) levels and concentrations of organics. nitrate. and ammonium were enhanced in the plume from the source as compared to the background aerosol. Organics dominated the plume aerosol mass (~56-64%), followed either by sulfate or nitrate. and then ammonium. Particulate amines were detected in the plume aerosol by a particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) and via mass spectral inarkers in the Aerodvne C-ToF-AMS. Amines were found to be a significant atmospheric base even in the presence of arnmonia; particulate amine concentrations are estimated as at least 14-23% of that of ammonium in the plume. Enhanced sub- and supersaturated water uptake and reduced refractive indices were coincident with lower organic mass fractions, higher nitrate mass fractions, and the detection of amines. The likelihood of suppressed droplet growth owing to kinetic limitations from hydrophobic organic material is explored. After removing effects associated with size distribution and mixing state, the normalized activated fraction of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) increased as a function of the subsaturated hygroscopic growth factor, with the highest activated fractions being consistent with relatively lower organic mass fractions and higher nitrate mass fractions. Subsaturated hygroscopic growth factors for the organic fraction of the aerosol are estimated based on employing the Zdanovskii-Stokes Robinson (ZSR) mixing rule. Representative values for a parameterization treating particle water uptake in both the sub- and supersaturated regimes are reported for incorporation into atmospheric models.
TL;DR: In this paper, an Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer was used to study the variability of the mass spectra of organic aerosol particles emitted from the burning of different wood types as a function of burning conditions and burning technologies.
Abstract: [1] Wood-burning for domestic heating purposes is becoming more important owing to the increasing use of wood as a renewable fuel. Particle emissions from residential wood combustion contribute substantially to particulate matter during winter. An Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer was used to study the variability of the mass spectra of organic aerosol particles emitted from the burning of different wood types as a function of burning conditions and burning technologies. Previously found wood-burning mass fragment markers in ambient air and for levoglucosan such as m/z 60, 73, and 29 were confirmed as a feature of wood-burning aerosol. They were enhanced during the flaming phase and reduced in the smoldering phase when burning was conducted in a small wood stove. The mass spectra during the smoldering phase were dominated by oxygenated species and exhibited a strong resemblance to the mass spectrum of fulvic acid which is used as a model compound for highly oxidized aerosol. A strong resemblance between the mass spectra of fulvic acid and organic particles emitted during wood-burning in an automatic furnace was found. In general, we found larger differences in the mass spectra between flaming and smoldering phases of one wood type than between different wood types within the same phase. Furthermore it was observed that during one experiment where white fir bark was burned the contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the total organic matter was very high (∼30%) compared to other wood-burning experiments (0.4–2.2%).
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: In this paper, ship and aircraft measurements of aerosol organic matter and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were made in fresh and aged pollution plumes from major urban areas in the northeastern United States in the framework of the 2004 International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) study.
Abstract: [1] Ship and aircraft measurements of aerosol organic matter (OM) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were made in fresh and aged pollution plumes from major urban areas in the northeastern United States in the framework of the 2004 International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) study. A large part of the variability in the data was quantitatively described by a simple parameterization from a previous study that uses measured mixing ratios of CO and either the transport age or the photochemical age of the sampled air masses. The results suggest that OM was mostly due to secondary formation from anthropogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) precursors in urban plumes. Approximately 37% of the secondary formation can be accounted for by the removal of aromatic precursors using newly published particulate mass yields for low-NOx conditions, which are significantly higher than previous results. Of the secondary formation, 63% remains unexplained and is possibly due to semivolatile precursors that are not measurable by standard gas chromatographic methods. The observed secondary OM in urban plumes may account for 35% of the total source of OM in the United States and 8.5% of the global OM source. OM is an important factor in climate and air quality issues, but its sources and formation mechanisms remain poorly quantified.
TL;DR: In this article, the fine particles and trace elements emitted from the combustion of pulverized anthracite coal at a 220MW power plant were determined experimentally in the size range from 30nm to 10μm with 12 channels.