Topic
Penicillin
About: Penicillin is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 17916 publications have been published within this topic receiving 368480 citations. The topic is also known as: penicillin antibiotic & PCN.
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TL;DR: In this, expert discussion of each aspect of the subject was recorded, summarised, and referenced in detail, before the recommendations were presented, and the time is right for an enlargement of work of the RCOG AID S subcommittee.
87 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The differences observed in the efficacy of the antibiotics tested against staphylococci show that the antibiotic susceptibility tests should be performed together with the identification of the bacterial agents.
Abstract: The antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out on 103 Staphylococcus aureus and 136 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) strains. Only 35 of the isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics tested, while the remaining 204 isolates were resistant at least to one of the antibiotics. Among staphylococci, 18 isolates of S. aureus and 31 isolates of CNS were found phenotypically resistant to methicillin and these isolates were also resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxycillin and cloxacillin. Out of 68 S. aureus strains 55.9% were β-lactamase producers. β-lactamase producer isolates were 21.1% resistant to methicillin, but were 100% susceptible to amoxycillin/clavulanic acid and 97.4% susceptible to ampicillin/sulbactam. The differences observed in the efficacy of the antibiotics tested against staphylococci show that the antibiotic susceptibility tests should be performed together with the identification of the bacterial agents.
87 citations
TL;DR: Resistance rates to several antimicrobials continue to rise after introductions of both pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, as noted from these results for 1998 through 2011.
87 citations
TL;DR: Linezolid is the first of a truly new class of antibiotics, the oxazolidinones, which acts as an inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis by blocking the formation of the 70S ribosomal initiation complex and is a weak and reversible monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor.
Abstract: Linezolid is the first of a truly new class of antibiotics, the oxazolidinones. It acts as an inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis by blocking the formation of the 70S ribosomal initiation complex. Its activity is bacteriostatic against some species (e.g., enterococci) and bactericidal against others (e.g., pneumococci). The antibacterial spectrum of linezolid includes Gram-positive pathogens and some Gram-negative anaerobic species but not Gram-negative aerobes. Importantly, multi-drug resistant organisms such as methicillin-resistant staphylococci, staphylococci with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin, penicillin- and macrolide-resistant pneumococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci are fully susceptible to linezolid. Linezolid has almost 100% bioavailability and the area under the plasma concentration curve is identical after oral and iv. administration. This enables initial oral administration of linezolid in those patients who can absorb the drug normally and also an early step-down therapy from iv. to oral. Controlled, randomised clinical studies have documented efficacy and safety of linezolid in hospital- and community-acquired pneumonia, uncomplicated and complicated skin and soft tissue infections and infections caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The safety and tolerability of linezolid are advantageous. Linezolid is a weak and reversible monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor and although no increased frequency of adrenergic or serotonergic adverse events has been reported, it is recommended that linezolid is used with caution in patients treated with other MAO inhibitors.
87 citations
TL;DR: Once-daily oral amoxicillin is not inferior to twice-daily penicillin V for the treatment and eradication of GABHS in children with pharyngitis in New Zealand.
Abstract: Background: Rheumatic fever is a preventable chronic disease preceded by group A β-haemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis. Objective: To test the non-inferiority of once-daily (QD) oral amoxicillin to the recommended twice-daily (BID) oral penicillin V in GABHS pharyngitis. Methods: This was a randomised non-inferiority trial carried out in a school-based clinic in New Zealand. Children presenting with GABHS pharyngitis were randomised to oral amoxicillin 1500 mg QD (or 750 mg if bodyweight was ⩽30 kg) or to oral penicillin V 500 mg BID (or 250 mg if bodyweight was ⩽20 kg) for 10 days. Observed medication and weekend diary cards were used to monitor adherence. Outcome: Eradication of GABHS, determined with follow-up throat cultures on days 3–6, 12–16 and 26–36. GABHS isolates were serotyped to distinguish bacteriological treatment failures (and relapses) from new acquisitions. Non-inferiority was defined as an upper 95% confidence limit (CL) for the difference in success of eradication in the amoxicillin and penicillin V treatment groups of ⩽10%. Results: 353 children with positive throat swabs for GABHS were randomised to amoxicillin (n = 177) or penicillin V (n = 176). The upper 95% CL for the differences in positive cultures between the antibiotics was 4.9% at days 3–6, 6.5% at days 12–16 and 8.5% at days 26–36. Treatment failures (including relapses) occurred at each visit in 5.8%, 12.7% and 10.7% of amoxicillin recipients and 6.2%, 11.9% and 11.3% of penicillin V recipients, respectively. No significant differences in resolution of symptoms were noted between treatment groups. One case of unsubstantiated acute rheumatic fever occurred after 7 days of amoxicillin. Conclusion: In this adequately powered study, once-daily oral amoxicillin is not inferior to twice-daily penicillin V for the treatment and eradication of GABHS in children with pharyngitis.
87 citations