Topic
Penicillin
About: Penicillin is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 17916 publications have been published within this topic receiving 368480 citations. The topic is also known as: penicillin antibiotic & PCN.
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TL;DR: The frequent deletion of the pen gene cluster at this point may indicate that this cluster is located in an unstable genetic region, flanked by hot spots of recombination, that is easily lost by mutagen-induced recombination.
Abstract: The organization of the genes of the penicillin cluster has been studied in three different mutants of P. chrysogenum impaired in penicillin biosynthesis. The three blocked mutants (derived from the parental strain P. chrysogenum Bb-1) lacked the genes pcbAB, pcbC and penDE of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway and were unable to form isopenicillin N synthase and isopenicillin N acyltransferase. All strains were identified as P. chrysogenum derivatives by fingerprinting analysis with (GTG)n as a probe. The borders of the deleted region were cloned and sequenced, showing the same junction point in the three mutants. The deleted DNA region was found to be identical to that described in P. chrysogenum npe10. The frequent deletion of the pen gene cluster at this point may indicate that this cluster is located in an unstable genetic region, flanked by hot spots of recombination, that is easily lost by mutagen-induced recombination.
86 citations
TL;DR: Using TDABC, penicillin allergy evaluation costs $220; even with varied assumptions adjusting for operational challenges, clinical setting, and expanded testing,Penicillin allergies evaluation still costs only about $540, which may be offset for patients treated with costly alternative antibiotics.
86 citations
TL;DR: Inhibitory concentrations of CP-45,899-ampicillin were bactericidal against H. influenzae strains and were as bactericidal as nafcillin or cephalothin against S. aureus.
Abstract: CP-45,899 is a new, semisynthetic beta-lactamase inhibitor. When tested alone, CP-45,899 displayed only weak antibacterial activity, with the notable exception of its potent action against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A combination of 3.12 microgram of CP-45,899 per ml with 3.12 microgram of ampicillin per ml, tested in broth cultures, inhibited ca. 90% of resistant Staphylococcus and Haemophilus influenzae strains; similar data were obtained in a variety of media. The same combination of CP-45,899 with ampicillin or penicillin G inhibited 90% of Bacteroides fragilis as interpreted from agar dilution minimal inhibitory concentrations. Inhibitory concentrations of CP-45,899-ampicillin were bactericidal against H. influenzae strains and were as bactericidal as nafcillin or cephalothin against S. aureus. Ampicillin-resistant S. aureus, H. influenzae, and B. fragilis strains did not develop resistance to CP-45,899-ampicillin when transferred as many as six passages in the presence of a sublethal concentration of the combination.
86 citations
TL;DR: Following the implementation of PCV7, there was a slight reduction in the overall pneumococcal carriage, a marked decrease of vaccine serotypes, an increase in non-vaccine serotypes carriage and a Reduction in the carriage of penicillin non-susceptible strains.
86 citations
TL;DR: The boundaries between community and hospital environments are becoming more blurred and this may have consequences for the development of resistance to antimicrobial drugs, so strategies to limit the spread of resistant strains should include encouraging the judicious use of antimicrobial agents.
Abstract: In this paper we review the problems of antibiotic resistance in community acquired infections. We discuss pathogens that have a large impact on morbidity and mortality in the community such as Streptococcus pneumoniae , Streptococcus pyogenes , Neisseria meningitidis , the enteric pathogens Salmonella spp and Campylobacter spp, and the urinary tract pathogen Escherichia coli .
#### Summary points
The frequency of resistance to antibiotics among community acquired pathogens and the number of drugs to which they are resistant is increasing
Resistance to antimicrobial drugs has been clearly linked to consumption of antibiotics
The boundaries between community and hospital environments are becoming more blurred and this may have consequences for the development of resistance to antimicrobial drugs
Strategies to limit the spread of resistant strains should include encouraging the judicious use of antimicrobial agents
Guidelines should be based on results derived from well designed surveillance studies
Infection with S pneumoniae is the biggest cause of potentially life threatening, community acquired diseases such as meningitis and pneumonia. It is also the leading bacterial cause of otitis media and sinusitis. However, this pathogen has evolved to reach unexpected levels of resistance to antibiotics. Before the early 1990s most pneumococci isolated in the European Union and the United States were susceptible to penicillin, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of <0.1 mg/l1; this concentration of penicillin killed these organisms rapidly. Since then, resistance to penicillin has increased substantially in certain European countries and in the United States. 2 3
Unfortunately, different authors have used different inhibitory concentrations to define penicillin resistance. However, susceptibility to penicillin is defined by many authors as a minimum inhibitory concentration of <0.1 mg/l; penicillin resistance is classed as intermediate when the minimum inhibitory concentration for S pneumoniae is 0.1-1.0 mg/l, and high when the minimum inhibitory concentration is 2.0 mg/l. Treatment regimens have been proposed …
86 citations