Period 6 element

About: Period 6 element is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 3 publications have been published within this topic receiving 6487 citations.

Chemistry of the elements

Abstract: Origin of the elements, isotopes and atomic weights Chemical periodicity and the periodic table Hydrogen Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium and francium Beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium Boron Aluminium, gallium, indium and thallium Carbon Silicon Germanium, tin and lead Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic, antimony and bismuth Oxygen Sulfur Selenium, tellurium and polonium The halogens: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine The noble gases: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon Coordination and organometallic compounds Scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and actinium Titanium, zirconium and hafnium Vanadium, niobium and tantalum Chromium, molybdenum and tungsten Manganese, technetium and rhenium Iron, ruthenium and osmium Cobalt, rhodium and iridium Nickel, palladium, and platinum Copper, silver and gold Zinc, cadmium and mercury The lanthanide elements The actinideand transactinide elements (Z=90-112).

The Lanthanides, Rare Earth Elements

Abstract: The lanthanides (or lanthanons) are a group of 15 elements of atomic numbers from 57 through 71 in which scandium (atomic number 21) and yttrium (atomic number 39) are sometimes included. The lanthanide series proper is that group of chemical elements that follow lanthanum in its group IIIB column position of the periodic table. Their distinguishing atomic feature is that they fill the 4f electronic subshell. Actually, only those elements with atomic numbers 58–71 are lanthanides. Most chemists also include lanthanum in the series because, although it does not fill the 4f subshell, its properties are very much like those of the lanthanides. The elements scandium and yttrium are also known as the “rare earths” because they were originally discovered together with the lanthanides in rare minerals and isolated as oxides, or “earths.” Collectively, these metals are also called rare earth elements (REEs). In comparison with many other elements, however, the rare earths are not really rare, except for promethium, which has only radioactive isotopes. Yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, and neodymium are all more abundant than lead in the earth's crust. All except promethium, which probably does not occur in nature, are more abundant than cadmium. The relative abundance and atomic numbers are provided. The more common lanthanide compounds are listed in Section 1. Scandium is a silvery white metallic chemical element, the first member of the first transition-metal series in the periodic table. The name is derived from Scandinavia, where the element was discovered in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite. In 1876, L. F. Nilson prepared about 2 g of high purity scandium oxide. It was subsequently established that scandium corresponds to the element “ekaboron,” predicted by Mendeleyev on the basis of a gap in the periodic table. Scandium occurs in small quantities in more than 800 minerals and causes the blue color of aquamarine beryl. Yttrium is one of the four chemical elements (the others are erbium, terbium, and ytterbium) named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden that is rich in unusual minerals and rare earths. Yttrium is a metal with a silvery luster and properties closely resembling those of rare earth metals. It is the first member of the second series of transition metals. Yttrium is found in several minerals and is produced primarily from the ore material xenotime. Lanthanum is a white, malleable metal; it is the first member of the third series of transition metals, and the first of the rare earths. Lanthanum is found with other lanthanides in the ore minerals monazite, bastnaesite, and xenotime, and in other minerals. It was discovered in 1839 by the Swedish chemist Carl G. Mosander. Scientists have created many radioactive isotopes of lanthanum. Keywords: cerium; chlorides; dysprosium; erbium; europium; gadolinium; kidneys; lanthanides; lanthanum; liver; lungs; monazite; neodymium; nitrates; oxides; scandium; terbium; ytterbium; yttrium

Gold, platinum, palladium, silver and all precious metals and precious elements made from other elements by splitting

Abstract: Gold, silver, platinum, palladium and all precious metals and elements can be made from other elements. By taking the element which has double the atomic number of the precious element (ex: gold) and bombarding its nucleus with neutrons and protons. This element which has double the atomic number will split into the precious element (gold) and will have a chain reaction and turn the hole material into gold (a concentration of 80% gold). By experimentation, we find which of the elements which has (double the atomic number or double the atomic number +1, or double the atomic number +2 or −1) will give the most concentration of gold after splitting. We will take the less expensive element, and the one who will give the most concentration between the elements that has double the atomic number +1, or −1, or +2.