Showing papers on "Personality published in 1972"

Family and Social Network; Roles, Norms, and External Relationships in Ordinary Urban Families.

Abstract: Bott Family and Social Network (1957) Hb: 0-415-26417-0 Chertok Motherhood and Personality (1969) Hb: 0-415-26418-9 E. Goldberg Family Influences and Psychosomatic Illness (1958) Hb: 0-415-26419-7 Kellner Family Ill Health (1963) Hb: 0-415-26420-0 Ryle Neurosis in the Ordinary Family (1967) Hb: 0-415-26421-9 GBP70.00 Winnicott and Hardenberg The Child and the Family (1957) Hb: 0-415-26422-7

Effects of Father Absence on Personality Development in Adolescent Daughters.

Abstract: The effects of father absence due to divorce or death on adolescent girls were investigated. Few deviations in traditional measures of sex-role typing were obtained; however, disruptions in interactions with males occurred. In the daughters of divorcees this took the form of proximity seeking and attention seeking from males, early heterosexual behavior, and various forms of nonverbal communication associated with openness and responsiveness. In contrast, in the daughters of widows it was manifested in inhibition, rigidity, avoidance, and restraint around males. Early separation from fathers had more severe effects than late separation. Differences among divorcees, widows, and mothers of intact families on various personality measures, on child-rearing attitudes, and on relations with their daughters were also investigated.

Determinants of Occupational Role Innovation Among College Women.

Abstract: This study of 200 senior college women investigates the relationship between non-sextypical occupational choices (Role Innovation) and background, personality, and college experience. Role Innovators are more autonomous, individualistic, and motivated by internally imposed demands to perform to capacity. Rather than cross-sex identification, there is some evidence of role modeling of more educated working mothers. The Role Innovators' career commitment is greater, yet they have as many romantic and friendship relationships with men as do Traditionais. Faculty and female college friends provide role support, but a supportive boyfriend may be more important at this stage. A four-part typology is suggested in which role modeling and the type of maternal model are related to motivational patterns and occupational choice.

Studies in the classification of affective disorders. The relationship between anxiety states and depressive illnesses. I.

Abstract: This is the first report in a series concerned with the classification of affective disorders. A sample of 145 patients suffering from a primary mood change of anxiety and/or depression was examined by means of a structured clinical interview and the administration of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. The patients were categorized into an `anxiety state9 group a `depressive illness9 group and a `doubtful9 group, on the basis of the predominant mood change during illness. Systematic comparison of the patients with anxiety states and depressive illness indicated that, with the aid of a wide range of items drawn from an adequate span of early life, personality and clinical features, a satisfactory degree of separation between the two groups could be achieved. The first component extracted from a principal components analysis of the data was bipolar, with anxiety symptoms at one pole and depressive symptoms at the other; maladaptive personality traits were mainly associated with anxiety symptoms. This finding confirms that within an affective material there are two distinct syndromes corresponding to anxiety and depression. Two further principal components analyses were performed on the anxiety and depressive items separately. The correlation between the patients9 scores along the general components obtained from each of these analyses was negative. This indicates that, within an affective population, the presence of an anxiety syndrome diminishes the likelihood that there is also a depressive syndrome. The distribution of patient scores along the bipolar component did not depart significantly from normality. However, when the clinical diagnoses were re-applied, the anxiety states and the depressive states were seen to occupy different halves of the distribution and the difference between their mean scores was highly significant. The high degree of association between the clinical diagnostic groups and the two halves of the distribution separated at their mean supports the initial diagnostic differentiation into anxiety states and depressive states and justifies the use of the original clinical groups in further attempts to improve discrimination between them.

Structural Representations of Implicit Personality Theory1

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the traits that a person perceives as characteristic of himself (or herself) and of others, and the beliefs that he or she holds about which traits tend to go together and which do not. Parsimonious ways of representing this type of complex and loosely organized system of perceived traits and relations have been discussed. The perception of stable physical and psychological characteristics and the beliefs about their co-occurrences are important objects of research for social psychologists, not only because of the ubiquity with which a person thinks and talks about himself and others but also because of the central role that personality perception plays in everyday social interaction and social decisions. The chapter describes laboratory analogs of the trait inference and personality and summarizes a number of findings that have resulted from their use, particularly studies involving the application of multidimensional scaling and, to some extent, clustering and factor analysis. Naturalistic personality and individual differences have been described. The chapter highlights the personality perception in children and some future directions for the study of personality perception.

The management and nature of depressive illnesses in late life: a follow-through study.

Abstract: The progress of 92 depressives over the age of 60 after discharge from hospital was compared with that of 81 subjects of an earlier follow-up study. On account mainly of earlier, and presumably often successful treatment in the community, the recent sample of hospital patients turned out to be more seriously and persistently ill. In spite of this, long-term results were similar to those obtained during an earlier period, possibly because of more effective after-care and maintenance therapy with anti-depressant drugs, which had in the meantime been introduced. In the after-care of elderly depressives, optional attendance at a psychiatric out-patient clinic was shown to be more practicable than, and equally efficient as, a more rigidly structured community care programme. It was possible to classify patients as severely psychotic, intermediate psychotic, or neurotic on the basis of their mental states. Patients belonging to these three groups also differed from one another in frequency of abnormalities of previous personality. Hereditary and other constitutional characteristics, as well as precipitating factors and further course were evenly distributed among patients presenting with contrasting clinical pictures, which did not, therefore, indicate the existence of different syndromes. These findings were consonant with a view according to which, in the present sample at any rate, the phenomena observed in every depressive attack are uniquely shaped by the constitutional status of the patient at the time of the attack, by the emotional significance of preceding events, and by existing strengths and weaknesses of his personality structure.

An Attitude Model for the Study of Brand Preference

Abstract: his characteristics is a prelude to identifying the causes of preference and the means by which it can be influenced. This study of consumer brand preference was an application of a model of consumer attitudes; the basic hypothesis was that measures specific to the preference alternatives, rather than more general measures such as those of socioeconomic and personality characteristics, would lead to successful predictions. While the approach is intuitively appealing and seemingly obvious, this study is the first to publicly present results from testing the hypothesis.

Studies in the Classification of Affective Disorders

Abstract: This is the first report in a series concerned with the classification of affective disorders. A sample of 145 patients suffering from a primary mood change of anxiety and/or depression was examined by means of a structured clinical interview and the administration of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. The patients were categorized into an \`anxiety state' group a \`depressive illness' group and a `doubtful' group, on the basis of the predominant mood change during illness. Systematic comparison of the patients with anxiety states and depressive illness indicated that, with the aid of a wide range of items drawn from an adequate span of early life, personality and clinical features, a satisfactory degree of separation between the two groups could be achieved. The first component extracted from a principal components analysis of the data was bipolar, with anxiety symptoms at one pole and depressive symptoms at the other; maladaptive personality traits were mainly associated with anxiety symptoms. This finding confirms that within an affective material there are two distinct syndromes corresponding to anxiety and depression. Two further principal components analyses were performed on the anxiety and depressive items separately. The correlation between the patients' scores along the general components obtained from each of these analyses was negative. This indicates that, within an affective population, the presence of an anxiety syndrome diminishes the likelihood that there is also a depressive syndrome. The distribution of patient scores along the bipolar component did not depart significantly from normality. However, when the clinical diagnoses were re-applied, the anxiety states and the depressive states were seen to occupy different halves of the distribution and the difference between their mean scores was highly significant. The high degree of association between the clinical diagnostic groups and the two halves of the distribution separated at their mean supports the initial diagnostic differentiation into anxiety states and depressive states and justifies the use of the original clinical groups in further attempts to improve discrimination between them.

Understanding Women: Implications for Personality Theory and Research

Abstract: This paper addresses the neglect of work on feminine psychology as a symptom of the far broader impoverishment of contemporary work in personality. Bakan's concepts of agency and communion are invoked toward understanding the constraints imposed by current research paradigms. Agentic (masculine) modes of inquiry involving manipulation, quantification, and control need to be complemented by the communal (feminine) research styles (naturalistic, qualitative, open) developed in other disciplines. Three issues are proposed for research in personality: duality in human nature, typology and qualitative patterning and biological bases of personality. These issues are consonant with the nature of feminity, engage the talents of female investigators, and could foster development of the new research paradigms required for serious inquiry in personality. Suggestions for conceptual elaboration and empirical research are proposed.

The depressive personality. A critical review

Abstract: Enduring personality patterns influence clinical depressions by coloring and altering depressive symptoms and, possibly, by predisposing certain individuals to episodes of depressive illness. The existence and characteristics of such putative predisposing personality patterns has been the subject of considerable discussion in psychiatric and psychoanalytic literature, the reliability of which, when subjected to critical review, is compromised seriously by method ological and other inadequacies. For instance, the association of obsessive personality and involutional depression rests on tenuous grounds. There is enough evidence for depressogenic potential of the socalled oral or dependent personality as described by psychoanalysts, especially in the case of major (manic-depressive) illnesses, to warrant further investigation.

Death Concern: Measurement and Correlates:

Abstract: Psychological research on death concern has been impeded by the absence of measuring instruments with high reliability and by the dearth of systematic research into the relationships of death concern with other personality variables. The present paper describes the construction of a Death Concern Scale with a high level of internal consistency and stability. Relationships between the Death Concern Scale and State Anxiety, Trait Anxiety, Manifest Anxiety, Repression-Sensitization, as well as needs Heterosexuality, Succorance, and Change of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule are presented and discussed.

The Objective Study of a Multiple Personality: Or, Are Four Heads Better Than One?

Abstract: This report pertains to the systematic, "controlled" study of a 27year-old patient with four distinct personalities—the "square," the "mediator," the "lover," and the "warrior." The aim of this study has been to clarify the mechanisms of action underlying the emergence of these alter personalities and the relative degrees of amnesia existing among all personalities, as well as to elucidate the areas of independence and overlap among them. To accomplish this aim, clinical-psychological, psychophysiological, and neurophysiological procedures were employed. All the data obtained fall into a consistent pattern and suggest that traditional skeptical explanations of pretense or role-playing are insufficient to account for the phenomena observed. A new theoretical construct for interpreting the phenomena of multiple personality and other related dissociative states is presented.

Two case studies

Abstract: SynopsisAn account of two children of the same chronological and mental ages with similar physical handicaps. One has been institutionalised since birth, the other cared for by his parents until the age of two years.From this study two general points of interest are illustrated, namely:1. The importance of looking at the individual skills of multiple handicapped children, and2. The personality differences of each of these particular children.

Individual Orientations To Prosocial Behavior

Abstract: Findings relating personality and demographic variables to prosocial behavior are reviewed. Original research results are then presented. These results show that different personal dispositions are related to various forms of prosocial behavior in different ways. The traditional search for general correlates of prosocial behavior is viewed as shortsighted. Attention is drawn to the relation of situational payoffs to personal dispositions, interactions among predictors, assessment of independence among predictors, and to situational shifts in personality.

Role-taking and power in social psychology.

Abstract: It is theorized that when structural control resources are not available, persons will tend to use role-taking as a "management" strategy. Thus role-taking ability is at a premium when the subordinate attempts to balance the structurally based power of a superordinate by increasing the latter's ego gratification in the relationship. Role-taking and power are seen as distinct strategies by which persons achieve control of others. Drawing from a sample of 888 subjects from 222 family units, questionnaire data are analyzed to test the hypothesis that role-taking accuracy will be inversely related to power inside the family. Using position in the nuclear family as an index of power, it was found that fathers were less accurate role-takers than mothers and mothers less accurate than children. Data were also analyzed using children's perceptions of their parents' power and the wife's perceptions of conjugal decision-making as measures of power. Partial support for the hypothesis was found in that dominant wives were poorer role-takers than wives with less decision-making power (autonomic). Research is suggested to test the proposition that role-taking ability may be a function of the person's position on a situationally given role-set rather than a static personality trait.