Showing papers on "Personality published in 1973"
TL;DR: The issues discussed include the nature of behavioral "specificity," the acquired meaning of stimuli, the uses and misuses of traits, and the construction of personality.
Abstract: Diverse data challenge and undermine ihe central assumptions of the tradi tional trait approach to personality. The implications for conceptions of individual differences and situations in the study of personality are examined. The issues discussed include the nature of behavioral \"specificity,\" the acquired meaning of stimuli, the uses and misuses of traits, and the construction of personality. To move toward a more adequate theoretical approach to persons, the following cognitive social learning variables are proposed as basic units for the study of individuals: cognitive and behavioral construction competencies, encoding strategies and personal constructs, behavior-outcome and stimulus-outcome expectancies, subjective stimulus values, and selfregulatory systems and plans. The specific interactions between these person variables and psychological situations are analyzed within the framework of a cognitive social learning approach.
2,958 citations
1,641 citations
1,220 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the influence of several situational and personality variables on helping behavior in an emergency situation suggested by the parable of the Good Samaritan and found that if a subject did stop to offer help, the character of the helping response was related to his type of religiosity.
Abstract: The influence of several situational and personality variables on helping behavior was examined in an emergency situation suggested by the parable of the Good Samaritan. People going between two buildings encountered a shabbily dressed person slumped by the side of the road. Subjects in a hurry to reach their destination were more likely to pass by without stopping. Some subjects were going to give a short talk on the parable of the Good Samaritan, others on a nonhelping relevant topic; this made no significant difference in the likelihood of their giving the victim help. Religious personality variables did not predict whether an individual would help the victim or not. However, if a subject did stop to offer help, the character of the helping response was related to his type of religiosity.
1,203 citations
Book•
01 Jun 1973
TL;DR: This book will not become a unity of the way for you to get amazing benefits at all, but, it will serve something that will let you get the best time and moment to spend for reading the book.
Abstract: It sounds good when knowing the personality and prediction principles of personality assessment in this website. This is one of the books that many people looking for. In the past, many people ask about this book as their favourite book to read and collect. And now, we present hat you need quickly. It seems to be so happy to offer you this famous book. It will not become a unity of the way for you to get amazing benefits at all. But, it will serve something that will let you get the best time and moment to spend for reading the book.
1,078 citations
TL;DR: The present article details metaphysical, psychological, and methodological assumptions and biases of situationism which have rendered it inattentive to the importance of the person in personality research.
Abstract: This article critically analyzes the current tendency to account for human behavior largely in terms of the situation in which it occurs. This trend in effect substitutes a more or less behavioristic account of personality for a severely taxed trait conception. Although it is undoubtedly true that behavior is more situation specific than trait theory acknowledged, it is herein argued that situations are more person specific than is commonly recognized. The present article details metaphysical, psychological, and methodological assumptions and biases of situationism which have rendered it inattentive to the importance of the person in personality research. Finally, an interactionisl: account of personality is forwarded as an alternative to both a trait and a situationist position. Some recent and influential accounts of personality have emphasized the importance of the situational determinants of behavior while minimizing the importance of disposi1 Work on this article was begun when I was on sabbatical at Stanford University. Grateful appreciation is extended to Ernest R. Hilgard for his generous moral and financial support throughout the year, the latter under his Grant NIH MH 03859-10 from the National Institute of Mental Health. I would like to extend my thanks to Robert
1,040 citations
TL;DR: The major tests of masculinity-femininity (M-F) in adults are reviewed with special attention to the ways in which their construction and use reflect three untested assumptions about the nature of men and women as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The major tests of masculinity-femininity (M-F) in adults are reviewed with special attention to the ways in which their construction and use reflect three untested assumptions about the nature of ...
848 citations
539 citations
01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that emotional stress can act as a precipitating factor in migraine, since over one half of 120 attacks recorded during a two month period of observation, were related in time to an overtly stressful event; and in half of the random sample, migraine began for the first time ever, during a period of emotional stress.
TL;DR: Patients with the irritable-colon syndrome who had predominantly diarrhea were significantly more anxious and more neurotic than the control population of general medical patients and did not differ significantly from the control group in these dimensions of personality.
Abstract: Levels of anxiety and neuroticism were assessed in patients with the irritable-colon syndrome, and compared with levels in patients with ulcerative colitis and general medical patients. Assessment of the level of anxiety was based on psychometric testing with the use of the Institute for Personality and Ability Testing anxiety-scale questionnaire, and on the urinary excretion of epinephrine under stressful conditions. The level of neuroticism was derived from testing with the Eysenck personality inventory. Patients with the irritable-colon syndrome who had predominantly diarrhea were significantly more anxious and more neurotic than the control population of general medical patients. Patients with ulcerative colitis, and patients with the irritable-colon syndrome who had predominantly abdominal pain, did not differ significantly from the control group in these dimensions of personality.
TL;DR: The teaching of appropriate child-rearing skills, symptomatic relief, and social relearning are suggested as realistically based treatment methods and should be combined with a care order.
Abstract: A controlled investigation of 214 parents of battered babies shows that they were young and predominantly of lower social class. Premature parenthood is an associated feature. Among the mothers 76% had an abnormal personality and 48% were neurotic. Nearly half were of borderline or subnormal intelligence; 11% had a criminal record. Of the fathers 64% had an abnormal personality, more than half being psychopaths. Twenty-nine per cent. had a criminal record. Recidivism is an associated feature.The risk of battering possibly diminishes with time. The teaching of appropriate child-rearing skills, symptomatic relief, and social relearning are suggested as realistically based treatment methods and should be combined with a care order. When response to treatment appears unlikely permanent removal from parental care should be considered.
TL;DR: This hypothesis that the more threatening an individual's environment is, the more authoritarian he is likely to be is investigated and appears to support the contention that personality is an open system.
Abstract: Various authors have argued that the more threatening an individual's environment is, the more authoritarian he is likely to be. This hypothesis was investigated in two separate experiments. In both, Ss were pretested for authoritarianism and then were exposed to one of two conditions. In the first condition, Ss were threatened by failure at two experimental tasks; in the second, they were presumably encouraged by success at these tasks. In both studies, failure increased and success decreased the Ss' levels of authoritarianism. In both studies, these changes in authoritarianism were greater for individuals who attributed their performance to internal causes. In addition, data from the second investigation indicated that these manipulations affected Ss' tendencies to conform to the judgments of an authority figure. The findings appear to support the contention that personality is an open system.